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| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: It Did Happen Here: The Rise of Fascism in Contemporary Society Milan Zafirovski, 2023-04-12 This book argues and demonstrates that fascism did happen in contemporary society such as especially America, as during post-2016. It classifies and discusses the main elements of fascism to see if these reveal and replicate themselves in America post-2016. It discovers the specific syndromes of fascism in America post-2016 that reveal and replicate universal fascist features. It detects the main social causes of fascism in America post-2016. It identifies primary counterforces to fascism in America and elsewhere. Lastly, the book constructs a composite fascism index and calculates fascism indexes for Western and comparable societies like OECD countries. These indexes provide suggestive evidence that fascism happened in America and other OECD countries, even if not in Western Europe, especially Scandinavia. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Nazis Laurence Rees, 2012-08-31 Following the success of Rees' bestselling Auschwitz, this substantially revised and updated edition of The Nazis - A Warning from History tells the powerfully gripping story of the rise and fall of the Third Reich. During a 16-year period, acclaimed author and documentary-maker Laurence Rees met and interviewed a large number of former Nazis, and his unique insights into the Nazi psyche and World War 2 received enormous praise. At the heart of the book lies compelling eyewitness accounts of life under Adolf Hitler, spoken through the words of those who experienced the Nazi regime at every level of society. An extensive new section on the Nazi/Soviet war (previously published in Rees' War of the Century) provides a chilling insight into Nazi mentality during the most bloody conflict in history. Described as one of the greatest documentary series of all times The Nazis - A Warning from History won a host of awards, including a BAFTA and an International Documentary Award. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Fascism without Borders Arnd Bauerkämper, Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, 2017-05-01 It is one of the great ironies of the history of fascism that, despite their fascination with ultra-nationalism, its adherents understood themselves as members of a transnational political movement. While a true “Fascist International” has never been established, European fascists shared common goals and sentiments as well as similar worldviews. They also drew on each other for support and motivation, even though relations among them were not free from misunderstandings and conflicts. Through a series of fascinating case studies, this expansive collection examines fascism’s transnational dimension, from the movements inspired by the early example of Fascist Italy to the international antifascist organizations that emerged in subsequent years. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Pope and Mussolini David I. Kertzer, 2014-01-28 PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE From National Book Award finalist David I. Kertzer comes the gripping story of Pope Pius XI’s secret relations with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. This groundbreaking work, based on seven years of research in the Vatican and Fascist archives, including reports from Mussolini’s spies inside the highest levels of the Church, will forever change our understanding of the Vatican’s role in the rise of Fascism in Europe. The Pope and Mussolini tells the story of two men who came to power in 1922, and together changed the course of twentieth-century history. In most respects, they could not have been more different. One was scholarly and devout, the other thuggish and profane. Yet Pius XI and “Il Duce” had many things in common. They shared a distrust of democracy and a visceral hatred of Communism. Both were prone to sudden fits of temper and were fiercely protective of the prerogatives of their office. (“We have many interests to protect,” the Pope declared, soon after Mussolini seized control of the government in 1922.) Each relied on the other to consolidate his power and achieve his political goals. In a challenge to the conventional history of this period, in which a heroic Church does battle with the Fascist regime, Kertzer shows how Pius XI played a crucial role in making Mussolini’s dictatorship possible and keeping him in power. In exchange for Vatican support, Mussolini restored many of the privileges the Church had lost and gave in to the pope’s demands that the police enforce Catholic morality. Yet in the last years of his life—as the Italian dictator grew ever closer to Hitler—the pontiff’s faith in this treacherous bargain started to waver. With his health failing, he began to lash out at the Duce and threatened to denounce Mussolini’s anti-Semitic racial laws before it was too late. Horrified by the threat to the Church-Fascist alliance, the Vatican’s inner circle, including the future Pope Pius XII, struggled to restrain the headstrong pope from destroying a partnership that had served both the Church and the dictator for many years. The Pope and Mussolini brims with memorable portraits of the men who helped enable the reign of Fascism in Italy: Father Pietro Tacchi Venturi, Pius’s personal emissary to the dictator, a wily anti-Semite known as Mussolini’s Rasputin; Victor Emmanuel III, the king of Italy, an object of widespread derision who lacked the stature—literally and figuratively—to stand up to the domineering Duce; and Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, whose political skills and ambition made him Mussolini’s most powerful ally inside the Vatican, and positioned him to succeed the pontiff as the controversial Pius XII, whose actions during World War II would be subject for debate for decades to come. With the recent opening of the Vatican archives covering Pius XI’s papacy, the full story of the Pope’s complex relationship with his Fascist partner can finally be told. Vivid, dramatic, with surprises at every turn, The Pope and Mussolini is history writ large and with the lightning hand of truth. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945 Nicholas Doumanis, 2016 The period spanning the two World Wars was unquestionably the most catastrophic in Europe's history. Despite such undeniably progressive developments as the radical expansion of women's suffrage and rising health standards, the era was dominated by political violence and chronic instability. Its symbols were Verdun, Guernica, and Auschwitz. By the end of this dark period, tens of millions of Europeans had been killed and more still had been displaced and permanently traumatized. If the nineteenth century gave Europeans cause to regard the future with a sense of optimism, the early twentieth century had them anticipating the destruction of civilization. The fact that so many revolutions, regime changes, dictatorships, mass killings, and civil wars took place within such a compressed time frame suggests that Europe experienced a general crisis. The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945 reconsiders the most significant features of this calamitous age from a transnational perspective. It demonstrates the degree to which national experiences were intertwined with those of other nations, and how each crisis was implicated in wider regional, continental, and global developments. Readers will find innovative and stimulating chapters on various political, social, and economic subjects by some of the leading scholars working on modern European history today. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe Ángel Alcalde, 2017-06-07 This book explores, from a transnational viewpoint, the historical relationship between war veterans and fascism in interwar Europe. Until now, historians have been roughly divided between those who assume that 'brutalization' (George L. Mosse) led veterans to join fascist movements and those who stress that most ex-soldiers of the Great War became committed pacifists and internationalists. Transcending the debates of the brutalization thesis and drawing upon a wide range of archival and published sources, this work focuses on the interrelated processes of transnationalization and the fascist permeation of veterans' politics in interwar Europe to offer a wider perspective on the history of both fascism and veterans' movements. A combination of mythical constructs, transfers, political communication, encounters and networks within a transnational space explain the relationship between veterans and fascism. Thus, this book offers new insights into the essential ties between fascism and war, and contributes to the theorization of transnational fascism. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Anatomy of Fascism Robert O. Paxton, 2007-12-18 What is fascism? By focusing on the concrete: what the fascists did, rather than what they said, the esteemed historian Robert O. Paxton answers this question. From the first violent uniformed bands beating up “enemies of the state,” through Mussolini’s rise to power, to Germany’s fascist radicalization in World War II, Paxton shows clearly why fascists came to power in some countries and not others, and explores whether fascism could exist outside the early-twentieth-century European setting in which it emerged. A deeply intelligent and very readable book. . . . Historical analysis at its best. –The Economist The Anatomy of Fascism will have a lasting impact on our understanding of modern European history, just as Paxton’s classic Vichy France redefined our vision of World War II. Based on a lifetime of research, this compelling and important book transforms our knowledge of fascism–“the major political innovation of the twentieth century, and the source of much of its pain.” |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: How Fascism Works Jason Stanley, 2018-09-04 “No single book is as relevant to the present moment.”—Claudia Rankine, author of Citizen “One of the defining books of the decade.”—Elizabeth Hinton, author of From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW EDITORS’ CHOICE • With a new preface • Fascist politics are running rampant in America today—and spreading around the world. A Yale philosopher identifies the ten pillars of fascist politics, and charts their horrifying rise and deep history. As the child of refugees of World War II Europe and a renowned philosopher and scholar of propaganda, Jason Stanley has a deep understanding of how democratic societies can be vulnerable to fascism: Nations don’t have to be fascist to suffer from fascist politics. In fact, fascism’s roots have been present in the United States for more than a century. Alarmed by the pervasive rise of fascist tactics both at home and around the globe, Stanley focuses here on the structures that unite them, laying out and analyzing the ten pillars of fascist politics—the language and beliefs that separate people into an “us” and a “them.” He knits together reflections on history, philosophy, sociology, and critical race theory with stories from contemporary Hungary, Poland, India, Myanmar, and the United States, among other nations. He makes clear the immense danger of underestimating the cumulative power of these tactics, which include exploiting a mythic version of a nation’s past; propaganda that twists the language of democratic ideals against themselves; anti-intellectualism directed against universities and experts; law and order politics predicated on the assumption that members of minority groups are criminals; and fierce attacks on labor groups and welfare. These mechanisms all build on one another, creating and reinforcing divisions and shaping a society vulnerable to the appeals of authoritarian leadership. By uncovering disturbing patterns that are as prevalent today as ever, Stanley reveals that the stuff of politics—charged by rhetoric and myth—can quickly become policy and reality. Only by recognizing fascists politics, he argues, may we resist its most harmful effects and return to democratic ideals. “With unsettling insight and disturbing clarity, How Fascism Works is an essential guidebook to our current national dilemma of democracy vs. authoritarianism.”—William Jelani Cobb, author of The Substance of Hope |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism James L. Aucoin, 2007-01-31 Beginning with America’s first newspaper, investigative reporting has provided journalism with its most significant achievements and challenging controversies. Yet it was an ill-defined practice until the 1960s when it emerged as a potent voice in newspapers and on television news programs. In The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism, James L. Aucoin provides readers with the first comprehensive history of investigative journalism, including a thorough account of the founding and achievements of Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE). Aucoin begins by discussing in detail the tradition of investigative journalism from the colonial era through the golden age of muckraking in the 1900s, and into the 1960s. Subsequent chapters examine the genre’s critical period from 1960 to 1975 and the founding of IRE by a group of journalists in the 1970s to promote investigative journalism and training methods. Through the organization’s efforts, investigative journalism has evolved into a distinct practice, with defined standards and values. Aucoin applies the social-moral development theory of Alasdair MacIntyre—who has explored the function, development, and value of social practices—to explain how IRE contributed to the evolution of American investigative journalism. Also included is a thorough account of IRE’s role in the controversial Arizona Project. After Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles (a founding member of IRE) was murdered while investigating land fraud, scores of reporters from around the country descended on the area to continue his work. The Arizona Project brought national attention and stature to the fledgling IRE and was integral to its continuing survival. Emerging investigative reporters and editors, as well as students and scholars of journalism history, will benefit from the detailed presentation and insightful discussion provided in this book. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Essays on Fascism Benito Mussolini, Oswald Mosley, Alfredo Rocco, 2019-03-25 The Ideology of Fascism was written by Oswald Mosley in 1967 and provides a post WW2 analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of Fascism as a political doctrine, and utilising its strengths proposes a United Europe, in union with science, as a prime requirement for the 21st Century. The Doctrine of Fascism was written by Benito Mussolini and the Italian philosopher Giovanni Gentile. A key concept of which was that fascism was a rejection of previous models: If the 19th century was the century of the individual we are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State. Giovanni Gentile was inspired by Italian intellectuals such as Mazzini, Rosmini, Gioberti, and Spaventa from whom he developed the idea of self-construction, but also was strongly influenced by the German idealist and materialist schools of thought - namely Marx, Hegel, Fichte, and Nietzsche. Gentile was described by Mussolini, as 'the philosopher of Fascism'. Alfredo Rocco developed the economic and political theory of corporatism which would become part of the Fascist Manifesto of the National Fascist Party. Rocco denounced the European powers for imposing foreign culture on Italy and criticized the European powers for endorsing too much liberalism and individualism. The Fascist Manifesto was endorsed by a large number of intellectuals, and writers, including Luigi Pirandello, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Giuseppe Ungaretti. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Holocaust Justice Michael J. Bazyler, 2005-04 The unique features of the American system of justice - which allowed it to handle claims that originated over fifty years ago and in another part of the world - made it the only forum in the world where Holocaust claims could be heard. Without the lawsuits brought by American lawyers. Bazyler asserts, the claims of the elderly survivors and their heirs would continue to be ignored.--BOOK JACKET. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: What Is Fascism? Robert Paxton, 2018-10-02 Based on a lifetime’s worth of research, esteemed historian Robert Paxton explores what fascism is and how it has come to have a lasting and continued impact on our history. In the concluding section of his authoritative book, The Anatomy of Fascism, Paxton makes the convincing and radical case that existing definitions of the popular, nationalist, and conservative political view are lacking, and offers up his own brilliant explication—drawn from concrete historical actions—thus transforming our understanding of this dangerous ideology and of why it takes hold when and where it does. A Vintage Shorts Selection. An ebook short. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Globalization: Causes and Effects David A. Deese, 2017-05-15 Globalization: Causes and Effects is the culmination of an eleven volume series that defines and explains the scholarly field of International Relations. Highlighting primary scholarly accomplishments in the field, this final title frames the sub-field of 'Globalization' and documents the fundamental milestones in thinking about and understanding this phenomenon. 'Globalization' is ripe for work integrating a wide range of leading research results and assessing its findings as a whole. Together, the pioneering articles selected for this book represent the most important scholarly contributions published to date on the main dimensions of globalization. The majority of the authors are political scientists, but a substantial number are economists, sociologists and historians. The volume covers Forms, Origins, and Causes; Political Dimensions and Implications; Economic and financial Impacts; Identity, Culture, and Civilization; and The Future of Globalization. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars Mike Wells, Nick Fellows, 2016-08-04 1. Introduction; 2. The First World War; 3. The Spanish Civil War; 4. The Second World War; 5. The Chinese Civil War; 6. The Iran/Iraq conflict; 7. Exam practice; Further Information; Index. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right Peter Davies, Derek Lynch, 2005-08-16 The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right is an engaging and accessible guide to the origins of fascism, the main facets of the ideology and the reality of fascist government around the world. In a clear and simple manner, this book illustrates the main features of the subject using chronologies, maps, glossaries and biographies of key individuals. As well as the key examples of Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy, this book also draws on extreme right-wing movements in Latin America, Eastern Europe and the Far East. In a series of original essays, the authors explain the complex topics including: the roots of fascism fascist ideology fascism in government and opposition nation and race in fascism fascism and society fascism and economics fascism and diplomacy. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Fascism: The social dynamics of fascism Roger Griffin, Matthew Feldman, 2004 The nature of 'fascism' has been hotly contested by scholars since the term was first coined by Mussolini in 1919. However, for the first time since Italian fascism appeared there is now a significant degree of consensus amongst scholars about how to approach the generic term, namely as a revolutionary form of ultra-nationalism. Seen from this perspective, all forms of fascism have three common features: anticonservatism, a myth of ethnic or national renewal and a conception of a nation in crisis. This collection includes articles that show this new consensus, which is inevitably contested, as well as making available material which relates to aspects of fascism independently of any sort of consensus and also covering fascism of the inter and post-war periods.This is a comprehensive selection of texts, reflecting both the extreme multi-faceted nature of fascism as a phenomenon and the extraordinary divergence of interpretations of fascism. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Rise of Italian Fascism (RLE Responding to Fascism) A Rossi, 2010-11-01 The rise of Italian fascism is often seen as a pre-condition, as well as a precursor of, later developments in Europe most notably in Germany. As such they were also much discussed in the English speaking world throughout the 1930’s. First published in English in 1938 this book gives an account of Italian history in the years immediately following the first world war, culminating in the triumph of Mussolini. Arguing that Mussolini succeeded because he was much more ruthless than his opponents, he concludes that this is something that must be learnt from: ‘in point of material and military strength we must be superior to the fascists since that is the ground on which they are trying to force a decision.' . |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Doctrine of Fascism Benito Mussolini, 2016-12-08 This is the original Doctrine of Fascism. This doctrine worked as the basis of the Italian Fascist Party and influenced numerous fascist movements and individuals that followed. Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism - born of a renunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it. -Mussolini |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Jazz Italian Style Anna Harwell Celenza, 2017-03-06 This book examines the arrival of jazz in Italy, its reception and development, and how its distinct style influenced musicians in America. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The New Italian Republic Stephen Gundle, Simon Parker, 2002-11-01 The New Italian Republic charts the breakdown of the old party system and examines the changed political climate that has allowed Berlusconi to rise as Italy's new master and subsequently precipitated his rapid fall from power. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Fascism in Europe Stuart J. Woolf, 1983 |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe Dylan Riley, 2010-03 Dylan Riley reconceptualizes the nature and origins of interwar fascism in this remarkable investigation of the connection between civil society and authoritarianism. From the late nineteenth century to World War I, voluntary associations exploded across Europe, especially among rural non-elites. But the development of this civil society did not produce liberal democracy in Italy, Spain, and Romania. Instead, Riley finds that it undermined the nascent liberal regimes in these countries and was a central cause of the rise of fascism. Developing an original synthesis of Gramsci and Tocqueville, Riley explains this surprising outcome by arguing that the development of political organizations in the three nations failed to keep pace with the proliferation of voluntary associations, leading to a crisis of political representation to which fascism developed as a response. His argument shows how different forms of fascism in Italy, Spain, and Romania arose in response to the divergent paths taken by civil society development in each nation. Presenting the seemingly paradoxical argument that the rapid development of civil society facilitated the rise of fascism in Italy, Spain, and Romania, Riley credibly challenges the notion that a strong civil society necessarily leads to the development of liberal democracy. Scholars and students interested in debates about the rise of fascism and authoritarianism, democratization, civil society, and comparative and historical methods will find his arguments compelling and his conclusions challenging. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Fascism: A Very Short Introduction Kevin Passmore, 2014-05-29 What is fascism? Is it revolutionary? Or is it reactionary? Can it be both? Fascism is notoriously hard to define. How do we make sense of an ideology that appeals to streetfighters and intellectuals alike? That is overtly macho in style, yet attracts many women? That calls for a return to tradition while maintaining a fascination with technology? And that preaches violence in the name of an ordered society? In the new edition of this Very Short Introduction, Kevin Passmore brilliantly unravels the paradoxes of one of the most important phenomena in the modern world--tracing its origins in the intellectual, political, and social crises of the late nineteenth century, the rise of fascism following World War I, including fascist regimes in Italy and Germany, and the fortunes of 'failed' fascist movements in Eastern Europe, Spain, and the Americas. He also considers fascism in culture, the new interest in transnational research, and the progress of the far right since 2002. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Mussolini and Hitler Christian Goeschel, 2018-09-25 This fresh treatment of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany reveals how the close relationship between Mussolini and Hitler influenced both men. From 1934 until 1944 Mussolini met Hitler numerous times, and the two developed a relationship that deeply affected both countries. While Germany is generally regarded as the senior power, Christian Goeschel demonstrates just how much history has underrepresented Mussolini’s influence on his German ally. A scholar of twentieth-century Germany and Italy, Goeschel revisits all of Mussolini and Hitler’s key meetings to examine how they constructed a powerful image of a strong Fascist-Nazi relationship that still resonates with the general public. His portrait of Mussolini draws on sources ranging beyond political history to reveal a leader who, at times, shaped Hitler’s decisions and was not the gullible buffoon he’s often portrayed as. The first comprehensive study of the Mussolini-Hitler relationship, this book is a must-read for scholars and anyone interested in the history of European fascism, World War II, or political leadership. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Transitions History & Civics ICSE Class 10 Sheila Bhattacharya, Monica Bose, Transitions 9–10 is our completely revised and updated edition mapped to CISCE Curriculum for History and Civics. A plethora of beautiful photographs, images, timelines, maps and stories have been incorporated to help learners learn in an organised manner. Comprising exciting visuals and new features, the series aims to make the study of the past and present a joyous learning experience for middle school learners. In Focus: encapsulates the area of study in each chapter Timelines: help place historical events in a proper chronological sequence Move Forward: introduces the topic and probes prior knowledge Add On: contains additional information and facts Connecting Bridges: indicates parallel historical developments in other parts of the world Time to Think: poses thought-provoking questions Glossary: enhances the vocabulary of the learners Picture Study: reinforces learning and improves retention Webcharts: gives a short summary of the chapter Web Links: enable further exploration of topics Root of the Word: explains the origin of key concepts in Civics Model Test Papers: two test papers help in assessment Double Spreads: attractive infographics based on specific concepts Comics by Amar Chitra Katha to shed more light on the concepts taught |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Machine Has a Soul Katy Hull, 2021-01-12 A historical look at the American fascination with Italian fascism during the interwar period In the interwar years, the United States grappled with economic volatility, and Americans expressed anxieties about a decline in moral values, the erosion of families and communities, and the decay of democracy. These issues prompted a profound ambivalence toward modernity, leading some individuals to turn to Italian fascism as a possible solution for the problems facing the country. The Machine Has a Soul delves into why Americans of all stripes sympathized with Italian fascism, and shows that fascism’s appeal rested in the image of Mussolini’s regime as “the machine which will run and has a soul”—a seemingly efficient and technologically advanced system that upheld tradition, religion, and family. Katy Hull focuses on four prominent American sympathizers: Richard Washburn Child, a conservative diplomat and Republican operative; Anne O’Hare McCormick, a distinguished New York Times journalist; Generoso Pope, an Italian-American publisher and Democratic political broker; and Herbert Wallace Schneider, a Columbia University professor of moral philosophy. In fascism’s violent squads they saw youthful glamour and impeccable manners, in the megalomaniacal Mussolini they perceived someone both current and old-fashioned, and in the corporate state they witnessed a politics that could revive addled minds. They argued that with the right course of action, the United States could use fascism to take the best from modernity while withstanding its harmful effects. Investigating the motivations of American fascist sympathizers, The Machine Has a Soul offers provocative lessons about authoritarianism’s appeal during times of intense cultural, social, and economic strain. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe Ángel Alcalde, 2017-06-07 A fresh and suggestive interpretation of the relationship between veterans of the Great War and fascism in interwar Europe. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945 Mike Hawkins, 1997-03-13 An analysis of the ideological influence of Social Darwinists in Europe and America. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Vichy France and the Jews Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton, 1995 Provides the definitive account of Vichy's own antisemitic policies and practices. It is a major contribution to the history of the Jewish tragedy in wartime Europe answering the haunting question, What part did Vichy France really play in the Nazi effort to murder Jews living in France? |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Rick Steves Germany Rick Steves, 2025-07-15 From fairy-tale castles and alpine forests to quaint villages and modern cities: experience it all with Rick Steves! Inside Rick Steves Germany you'll find: Fully updated, comprehensive coverage for planning a multi-week trip through Germany Rick's strategic advice on how to get the most out of your time and money, with rankings of his must-see favorites Top sights and hidden gems, from the towering Zugspitze and jagged Alps to rustic villages and delicious strudel How to connect with local culture: Stroll through a Cristkindlemarkt around Christmas, chat with fans about the latest fussball match, or kick back in a biergarten Beat the crowds, skip the lines, and avoid tourist traps with Rick's candid, humorous insight The best places to eat, sleep, and relax with a Berliner Weisse in hand Self-guided walking tours of lively neighborhoods and incredible museums Vital trip-planning tools, like how to link destinations, build your itinerary, and get from place to place Detailed maps, including a fold-out map for exploring on the go Over 1,000 bible-thin pages include everything worth seeing without weighing you down Coverage of Munich, Bavaria, Tirol, Salzburg, Berchtesgaden, Baden-Baden, the Black Forest, Rothenburg, Würzburg, Frankfurt, Rhine Valley, Mosel Valley, Trier, Cologne, Nürnburg, Lutherland, Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin, Hamburg, and more Make the most of every day and every dollar with Rick Steves Germany. Planning a one- to two-week trip? Check out Rick Steves Best of Germany. |
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| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler, 2019-08-23 Livro mein kampf em português versão livro físico minha briga minha luta no final tem referencias de filmes sobre o |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Teaching and Studying Social Issues Samuel Totten, Jon Pedersen, 2011-01-01 Teaching and Studying Social Issues: Major Programs and Approaches focuses on many of the major innovations developed over the past 100 years by noted educators to assist students in the study and analysis of key social issues that impact their lives and society. This book complements earlier books that address other aspects of studying and addressing social issues in the secondary classroom: Researching and Teaching Social Issues: The Personal Stories and Pedagogical Efforts of Professors of Education (Lexington, Books, 2006); Addressing Social Issues in the Classroom and Beyond: The Pedagogical Efforts of Pioneers in the Field (Information Age Publishing, 2007); and Social Issues and Service at the Middle Level (Information Age Publishers, 2009). The current book ranges in scope from Harold Rugg’s pioneering effort to develop textbooks that purposely addressed key social issues (and thus provided teachers and students with a major tool with which to examine social issues in the classroom) to the relatively new efforts over the last 20 to 30 years, including global education, environmental education, Science/Technology/Society (STS), and genocide education. This book provides the readers with details about the innovators their innovations so they can (1) learn from past efforts, particularly in regard to what worked and didn’t work and why, (2) glean new ideas, methods and approaches for use in their own classrooms, and (3) craft new methods and approaches based on the strengths of past innovations. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: A Revised History for Advanced Level & Colleges Nassoro Habib Mbwana, 2017-11-10 The book is a response of the suggestions and opinions provided to me by the students on writing a text that could be beneficial for them and other readers. The book covers the period from the fifteenth century to the present (2014). It includes the development of Europe from mercantilism to a new imperialism, globalization and a neocolonial situation, and underdevelopment to the less developed countries in the southern hemisphere. It also justifies and revises important areas in the current (2009) syllabus, which had been left by other authors in writing history texts for the advanced level. Therefore, the book justifies some areas that are beyond the syllabus, but the questions do appear in examinations. The book is directed to be useful for A-level and college students, the teachers, and other readers who have an interest with history. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: A Brief History of Fascist Lies Federico Finchelstein, 2022-08-01 There is no better book on fascism's complex and vexed relationship with truth.—Jason Stanley, author of How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them In this short companion to his book From Fascism to Populism in History, world-renowned historian Federico Finchelstein explains why fascists regarded simple and often hateful lies as truth, and why so many of their followers believed the falsehoods. Throughout the history of the twentieth century, many supporters of fascist ideologies regarded political lies as truth incarnated in their leader. From Hitler to Mussolini, fascist leaders capitalized on lies as the base of their power and popular sovereignty. This history continues in the present, when lies again seem to increasingly replace empirical truth. Now that actual news is presented as “fake news” and false news becomes government policy, A Brief History of Fascist Lies urges us to remember that the current talk of “post-truth” has a long political and intellectual lineage that we cannot ignore. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Perspective on International Relations and World History Mr. Rohit Manglik, 2023-08-21 EduGorilla Publication is a trusted name in the education sector, committed to empowering learners with high-quality study materials and resources. Specializing in competitive exams and academic support, EduGorilla provides comprehensive and well-structured content tailored to meet the needs of students across various streams and levels. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: A People's History of Modern Europe William A. Pelz, 2016 From the monarchical terror of the Middle Ages to the mangled Europe of the twenty-first century, A People's History of Modern Europe tracks the history of the continent through the deeds of those whom mainstream history tries to forget. Europe provided the perfect conditions for a great number of political revolutions from below. The German peasant wars of Thomas Muntzer, the bourgeois revolutions of the eighteenth century, the rise of the industrial worker in England, the turbulent journey of the Russian Soviets, the role of the European working class throughout the Cold War, student protests in 1968 and through to the present day, when we continue to fight to forge an alternative to the barbaric economic system. With sections focusing on the role of women, this history sweeps away the tired platitudes of the privileged upon which our current understanding is based, and provides an opportunity to see our history differently. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: The Prevent Strategy and Right-wing Extremism Craig J.J. McCann, 2019-04-05 In 2011 the U.K. Government reviewed its counter terrorism Prevent Strategy to include all forms of extremism with an emphasis on right-wing extremism. This book - written by the former Head of Strategy and Policy at the Office of the National Coordinator for Prevent - provides the most detailed assessment yet of this shift in emphasis. It explores how the inclusion of right-wing extremism within the counter terrorism Prevent Strategy impacted local responses to the English Defence League. This is explored through numerous interviews and several case studies which were carried out by the author while he was serving as a senior police officer within the Counter Terrorism Command of the Metropolitan Police Service. The book balances empirical research with practical recommendations for policymakers and practitioners from a unique insider perspective. This book will be of appeal to an array of audiences including scholars and students of Terrorism Studies, professionals working in the areas of counter terrorism, public order policing and the promotion of community cohesion, and to those who have an interest in wider non-political responses to right-wing extremism. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Visualizing Fascism Julia Adeney Thomas, Geoff Eley, 2020-03-13 The contributors to Visualizing Fascism examine the imagery and visual rhetoric of interwar fascism in East Asia, southern Africa, and Europe to explore how fascism was visualized as a global and aesthetic phenomenon. |
| fascism rises in europe cause and effect: Fascism: A Warning Madeleine Albright, 2019-01-29 #1 New York Times Bestseller A personal and urgent examination of Fascism in the twentieth century and how its legacy shapes today’s world, written by one of the most admired public servants in American history, the first woman to serve as U.S. secretary of state A Fascist, observed Madeleine Albright, “is someone who claims to speak for a whole nation or group, is utterly unconcerned with the rights of others, and is willing to use violence and whatever other means are necessary to achieve the goals he or she might have.” The twentieth century was defined by the clash between democracy and Fascism, a struggle that created uncertainty about the survival of human freedom and left millions dead. Given the horrors of that experience, one might expect the world to reject the spiritual successors to Hitler and Mussolini should they arise in our era. Fascism: A Warning is drawn from Madeleine Albright's experiences as a child in war-torn Europe and her distinguished career as a diplomat to question that assumption. Fascism, as she shows, not only endured through the twentieth century but now presents a more virulent threat to peace and justice than at any time since the end of World War II. The momentum toward democracy that swept the world when the Berlin Wall fell has gone into reverse. The United States, which historically championed the free world, is led by a president who exacerbates division and heaps scorn on democratic institutions. In many countries, economic, technological, and cultural factors are weakening the political center and empowering the extremes of right and left. Contemporary leaders such as Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un are employing many of the tactics used by Fascists in the 1920s and 30s. Fascism: A Warning is a book for our times that is relevant to all times. Written by someone who not only studied history but helped to shape it, this call to arms teaches us the lessons we must understand and the questions we must answer if we are to save ourselves from repeating the tragic errors of the past. |
Fascism - Wikipedia
Fascism (/ ˈ f æ ʃ ɪ z əm / FASH-iz-əm) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement.
Fascism | Definition, Meaning, Characteristics, Examples,
6 days ago · Fascism, political ideology and mass movement that dominated central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and was …
FASCISM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Jun 9, 2011 · The words fascism and fascist have long been associated with the Fascisti of Benito Mussolini and the fasces, the bundle of rods with an ax …
What Does Fascism Really Mean? - What Is Fascism? | C…
Oct 31, 2024 · What does fascism mean? Many experts agree that fascism is a mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, …
Fascism - New World Encyclopedia
According to most scholars of fascism, there are both left and right influences on fascism as a social movement, and fascism, especially once in power, …
Fascism - Wikipedia
Fascism (/ ˈ f æ ʃ ɪ z əm / FASH-iz-əm) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political …
Fascism | Definition, Meaning, Character…
6 days ago · Fascism, political ideology and mass movement that dominated central, southern, and …
FASCISM Definition & Meaning - Merria…
Jun 9, 2011 · The words fascism and fascist have long been associated with the Fascisti of Benito …
What Does Fascism Really Mean? - Wh…
Oct 31, 2024 · What does fascism mean? Many experts agree that fascism is a mass political …
Fascism - New World Encyclopedia
According to most scholars of fascism, there are both left and right influences on fascism as a social …
