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free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations, Trade Unions, and Labour Legislation Sinha, 2004-09 |
free ebook on industrial relations: Global Industrial Relations Michael J. Morley, Patrick Gunnigle, David Collings, 2006-11-22 Breaking new ground and drawing on contributions from the leading academics in the field, this volume in the Global HRM Series specifically focuses on industrial relations. |
free ebook on industrial relations: The Personal Relation in Industry John Davison Rockefeller (Jr.), 1923 |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations and Labour Laws, 7th Edition Srivastava S.C., The Seventh revised and enlarged edition of the book Industrial Relations and Labour Laws has brought all the important labour legislations within the purview of this book. The notable feature of this edition is inclusion of laws on social security, wages and minimum standards of employment (including factory, contract, child and migrant workers). Another significant feature of this edition is detailed discussion on labour law reforms and more specifically comprehensive analysis of the proposed labour code on industrial relations, social security, wages and occupational safety, health and working conditions. This edition also incorporates all the amendments in labour laws and analyses of all important judgments of the Supreme Court and High Courts on labour laws.This edition covers almost all the syllabuses of LLB, LLM, MBA, MPA, MSW, Company Secretary, and masters and diploma courses in personnel management, human resource management, industrial relations and labour laws. Thus, the book is an indispensible resource for personnel managers, general managers, HR and law officers of public and private sectors, officials of labour departments of Central and State governments, presiding officers of labour courts/tribunals, trade union officials, management associations/federations and among others, lawyers and NGOs. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations Michael Salamon, 1998 This third edition sets the discussion of the theory and practice of industrial relations within a wider European and international context. It draws on an extensive range of sources and materials to present and illustrate concepts and frameworks for analyzing industrial relations, approaches to the subject, the roles of the major participants, the issues confronting them and the strategies and processes used. The material in the text has been revised to reflect the inter-relationship between organizational changes in work and industrial relations and the wider economic and social issues. New material addresses similarities and differences between countries - the convergence and divergence of industrial relations, internationalization of industrial relations, the development of labour standards both within and between the EU and other trading areas. An instructor's manual is also available to accompany this main text. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Rethinking Industrial Relations John Kelly, 2012-10-12 This original book is a wide-ranging, radical and highly innovative critique of the prevailing orthodoxies within industrial relations and human resource management. It covers: central problems in industrial relations the mobilization theory of collective action the growth of non-union workplaces and the prospects and desirability of a new labour-management social partnership an historical account of worker collectivism, organization and militancy and state or employer counter mobilization a critique of postmodernism and accounts of the end of the labour movement Containing a detailed examination of the evolution of industrial relations, it argues that the area is often under-theorized and influenced by the policy agenda of the state or employers, and will prove informative reading for students of industrial relations. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations in Education Bob Carter, Howard Stevenson, 2009-12-30 Interdisciplinary in approach and drawing not only on education research but also from the fields of industrial sociology, management studies and labour process theory, Industrial Relations in Education attempts to understand the reform agenda in relation to teachers, their professional identities and their experience of work by drawing on critical perspectives that seek to challenge orthodox policy discourses relating to remodelling. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations in Canada Robert Hebdon, 2012 |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations in Canada Fiona McQuarrie, 2015-02 Fiona McQuarrie's Industrial Relations in Canada received wide praise for helping students to understand the complex and sometimes controversial field of Industrial Relations, by using just the right blend of practice, process, and theory. The text engages business students with diverse backgrounds and teaches them how an understanding of this field will help them become better managers. The fourth edition retains this student friendly, easy-to-read approach, praised by both students and instructors across the country. The goal of the fourth edition was to enhance and refine this approach while updating the latest research findings and developments in the field. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations Trevor Colling, Mike Terry, 2010-09-07 This revised edition of Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice follows the approach established successfully in preceding volumes edited by Paul Edwards. The focus is on Britain after a decade of public policy which has once again altered the terrain on which employment relations develop. Government has attempted to balance flexibility with fairness, preserving light-touch regulation whilst introducing rights to minimum wages and to employee representation in the workplace. Yet this is an open economy, conditioned significantly by developing patterns of international trade and by European Union policy initiatives. This interaction of domestic and cross-national influences in analysis of changes in employment relations runs throughout the volume. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Works Councils Joel Rogers, Wolfgang Streeck, 2009-05-15 As the influence of labor unions declines in many industrialized nations, particularly the United States, the influence of workers has decreased. Because of the need for greater involvement of workers in changing production systems, as well as frustration with existing structures of workplace regulation, the search has begun for new ways of providing a voice for workers outside the traditional collective bargaining relationship. Works councils—institutionalized bodies for representative communication between an employer and employees in a single workplace—are rare in the Anglo-American world, but are well-established in other industrialized countries. The contributors to this volume survey the history, structure, and functions of works councils in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Poland, Canada, and the United States. Special attention is paid to the relations between works councils and unions and collective bargaining, works councils and management, and the role and interest of governments in works councils. On the basis of extensive comparative data from other Western countries, the book demonstrates powerfully that well-designed works councils may be more effective than labor unions at solving management-labor problems. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Managing Human Resource And Industrial Relations Tapomoy Deb, 2009 |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations In Singapore: Practice And Perspective Oun Hean Loh, 2018-06-19 Industrial Relations in Singapore — Practice and Perspective is a comprehensive account of the key developments in industrial relations in Singapore over the last five decades. It offers a holistic, one-stop information depository of relevant industrial relations frameworks, institutions, processes and practices, and issues from a practitioner's perspective. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Theories of Trade Unionism Michael Poole, 2021-06-23 First published in 1981, Theories of Trade Unionism traces the development of trade union theory from its nineteenth-century foundations to the more advanced conceptual models present at the time of original publication. The book surveys the main tributaries of modern approaches – the moral and ethical, the revolutionary, the defensive or conservative, and the economic and political – and analyses the work of contemporary industrial relations scholars. This includes the main types and varieties of systems theory, the disparate pluralist approaches and the ‘radical school’. The book identifies links between the differing premises of the various schools of thought, and combines the main perspectives in a higher analytical and conceptual unity. It concludes with a discussion of a number of avenues for theoretical and conceptual progress. Theories of Trade Unionism is ideal for those with an interest in the history of trade union theory. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Employee Relations Management P. N. Singh, 2010 Serves as a textbook for postgraduate students of human resources management and personnel management. Highlights the gradual transition of industrial relations to employee relations. This shift from conflict resolution to collaborative partnerships between the employer and the employee has been explained against the backdrop of globalization and liberalization which had a profound effect on the economy and the industry. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations and Labour Laws, 6th Edition S.C. Srivastava, 2012 The sixth revised edition of Industrial Relations and Labour Laws captures the significant developments that have taken place in the realm of labour laws and industrial relations in the recent past. The most notable development in the legislative sphere is the amendment in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 in 2010. In the judicial sphere, there has been a marked shift in the approach of the Indian judiciary in the area of discipline and disciplinary procedure. Moreover, new norms/principles have been evolved to determine the classification of a person as a workman, provide relief in case of illegal/wrongful termination of service of workmen, determine notice period for strike/lock-out in public utility services and for regularization of services of daily, temporary, casual or contract workers. Extensively revised and updated in line with the changes in the law, this edition also gives a new and more holistic dimension to the subject of labour--management relations. Part I provides the contextual and constitutional framework of labour law and an overview of industrial relations. Part II deals with the trade union movement, employers organizations and laws relating to trade unions, collective bargaining, unfair labour practices and victimization. Part III deals with regulation of industrial disputes, persuasive, coercive and voluntary processes for settlement of industrial disputes, grievance procedure, governments power of reference, laws relating to instruments of economic coercion, management of discipline, laws relating to change in conditions of service and lay-off, retrenchment, transfer and closure. Part IV examines laws relating to standing orders. Part V is on workers participation in management. This edition will serve as a comprehensive textbook for students of LLB, LLM, MBA, MSW, MPA, CS, and masters and diploma programmes in personnel management, industrial relations and labour law. It is indispensable for personnel managers, law officers, lawyers, trade union officials/ members, officials of labour department and members of the labour judiciary. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Employee Representation in Multinational Companies Thomas Haipeter, Markus Hertwig, Sophie Rosenbohm, 2018-09-26 Investigating the issue of employee representation in multinational companies (MNCs), this book sets out to systematically conceptualise the modes of articulation between different action fields. While previous studies have focused on forms of employee representation that have emerged throughout recent decades, rather little is known about the interaction and coordination of representational bodies and actors, such as trade unions and European or World Works Councils. Given the growing importance of transnational restructuring in MNCs, understanding the conditions under which employees are able to participate in company decision-making is a crucial issue. Based on empirical case studies and interviews with employee representatives from ten countries across Europe, the authors investigate the role of representational bodies in periods of company restructuring. Proposing a shift in perspectives in research on transnational labour relations and bringing new insights into structures and practices of employee representation in MNCs, this book will be a valuable read for both scholars and practitioners. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations and Labour Laws S. C. Srivastava, 1984-11 |
free ebook on industrial relations: International Labour Law N. Valticos, 2013-06-29 This text was prepared as a monograph for the International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations. It is based on a more detailed work which appeared in French in 1970 and in Spanish in 1977. The material was brought up to date and recast to correspond to the type of monographs con tained in the Encyclopaedia, which were aimed at providing concise, but reasonably detailed information and analysis of national laws and practice. Thus indications concerning the historical background, important as they may be in the present case, as well as the discussion of a number of theoretical questions, have had to be considerably reduced. However, detailed, up-to date information is provided on the system of international labour standards and on the substantive provisions of the most important of these international instruments. As part of the Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, the present study will most probably reach those engaged in research in the field of labour law, as well as many employers' organisations and a large section of the trade union movement. However, it has been considered useful to publish the study also in book form to facilitate its use in wider circles such as university teachers and students, diplomats, politicians, international lawyers, and those engaged in daily trade union activities. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 15 Introduction 17 CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL BACKGROUND 17 § 1. Definition 17 §2. Historical development 17 §3. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Beyond the Iron Rice Bowl Boy Lüthje, Siqi Luo, Hao Zhang, 2013-06 Examines labour relations in modern China. Presents case studies of multinational, Chinese, and overseas Chinese enterprises in the automotive, electronic, and garment industries. Analyses regimes of production, discussing industrial relations theory and labour sociology, collective bargaining, trade union reform, and democratic workplace representation in China. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations Singh, 2009 |
free ebook on industrial relations: Trajectories of Neoliberal Transformation Lucio Baccaro, Chris Howell, 2017-10-12 This book argues that liberalization of industrial relations has been a universal tendency among European countries over the last thirty-five years. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations and Economic Development Arthur M. Ross, 1966-06-18 |
free ebook on industrial relations: Employment Relations in Non-Union Firms Tony Dundon, Derek Rollinson, 2004-04-22 The precise relationship between an employee and employer is often ambiguous within complex organizational boundaries. This book re-evaluates the way employment relations are conceptualized and examines employment conditions in non-union organizations.The authors present a detailed analysis of the conditions and patterns of employment relations in |
free ebook on industrial relations: Labor’s Great War Joseph A. McCartin, 2017-11-01 Since World War I, says Joseph McCartin, the central problem of American labor relations has been the struggle among workers, managers, and state officials to reconcile democracy and authority in the workplace. In his comprehensive look at labor issues during the decade of the Great War, McCartin explores the political, economic, and social forces that gave rise to this conflict and shows how rising labor militancy and the sudden erosion of managerial control in wartime workplaces combined to create an industrial crisis. The search for a resolution to this crisis led to the formation of an influential coalition of labor Democrats, AFL unionists, and Progressive activists on the eve of U.S. entry into the war. Though the coalition's efforts in pursuit of industrial democracy were eventually frustrated by powerful forces in business and government and by internal rifts within the movement itself, McCartin shows how the shared quest helped cement the ties between unionists and the Democratic Party that would subsequently shape much New Deal legislation and would continue to influence the course of American political and labor history to the present day. |
free ebook on industrial relations: INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR LAWS MONAPPA, Industrial Relations and Labour Laws is a conceptually strong text with examples and cases to portray all concepts. The much awaited Second Edition, though rejuvenated, keeps its originality intact while adding new vistas to concepts which have undergone numerous changes since the last edition. The book, with its comprehensive and systematic coverage, would be of immense use to students and instructors as well as practitioners who wish to engage themselves with the service sector. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Posted Work in the European Union Jens Arnholtz, Nathan Lillie, 2020 This book explores how posting is changing industrial relations systems in several European countries from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. It looks at how opportunities to set up shell-companies and engage in unregulated transnational recruitment made a Europe-wide industry out of avoiding regulation and cheating workers. |
free ebook on industrial relations: An Introduction to Collective Bargaining and Industrial Relations Harry Charles Katz, Thomas A. Kochan, 2004 Covers key topics in industrial relations and collective bargaining using a conceptual framework based on the strategic, functional, and workplace levels. This book includes discussion on International and comparative labor relations, and reorganizations in the process and outcome of bargaining, including the participatory process. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations and Labour Welfare R. Sivarethinamohan, 2010-04-30 uilding good industrial relations is so crucial for any industrial organization. Harmonious relationship between employers and employees (who are the best assets of any organization) contributes to greater productivity and growth. This comprehensive and well-organized text gives an in-depth analysis of the fundamental principles and practice of industrial relations as well as the implementation of labour welfare measures, the social security systems and labour laws, such as the Trade Union Act, 1926, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, and the Mines Act, 1952. It focuses on the Indian context within the larger global scenario. Divided into four parts—Part I, Industrial Relations; Part II, Industrial Disputes; Part III, Labour Welfare; and Part IV, Safety and Occupational Health, the book provides a detailed discussion on labour-management relations, different aspects of trade unions, and their management and legislative background. Dr. Sivarethinamohan gives a masterly analysis of the major areas of industrial relations, namely, industrial disputes and their resolution, the philosophy of labour welfare as well as the statutory and non-statutory measures for labour welfare, the Government machinery for labour welfare, and collective bargaining which contributes in a significant way to better industrial relations. In the concluding part, the author dwells on industrial accidents and safety for preventing industrial disasters, mines safety and safety management, industrial hygiene, workplace discipline, counselling and the legal framework for industrial safety and health. Key Features : Each chapter starts with a case study written in a story style for a better grasp of the chapter. Provides Case Studies to illustrate the theories discussed. Two Appendices at the end of the book provide the complete text of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, and Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970. The book’s website, http://www.phindia.com/srm , gives more real-time cases, experimental cases and cases relating to the subject decided by the courts of India as well as those of other countries. Primarily intended as a text for undergraduate and postgraduate students of management and commerce, the book would also be useful to the students pursuing courses in chartered accountancy, ICWA courses, and diploma courses in industrial relations and labour laws. In addition, practising managers should find this book very useful. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Mass Strikes and Social Movements in Brazil and India Jörg Nowak, 2019-03-20 This book explores new forms of popular organisation that emerged from strikes in India and Brazil between 2011 and 2014. Based on four case studies, the author traces the alliances and relations that strikers developed during their mobilisations with other popular actors such as students, indigenous peoples, and people displaced by dam projects. The study locates the mass strikes in Brazil’s construction industry and India’s automobile industry in a global conjuncture of protest movements, and develops a new theory of strikes that can take account of the manifold ways in which labour unrest is embedded in local communities and regional networks. “Jörg Nowak has written an ambitious, wide-ranging and very important book. Based on extensive empirical research in Brazil and India and a thorough analysis of the secondary literature, Nowak reveals that numerous labour conflicts develop in the absence of trade unions, but with the support of kinship networks, local communities, social movements and other types of associations. This impressive work may well become a major building block for a new interpretation of global workers’ struggles.” —Marcel van der Linden, International Institute of Social History, The Netherlands “Nowak’s book meticulously details the trajectory of strikes and its resultant new forms of organisations in India and Brazil. The central focus of this analytically rich and thought provoking book is to search for a new political alternative model of organising workers. A very good deed indeed!” —Nandita Mondal, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India “Jörg Nowak analyses with critical sense forms of popular organization that often remain invisible. It is an indispensable book for all those who are looking for more effective analytical resources to better understand the present situation and the future promises of the workers’ movements.” —Roberto Véras de Oliveira, Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil “In this timely and important study, Nowak convincingly challenges the dominant Eurocentric approach to labour conflict and calls for a new theory of strikes. He stresses the need to engage in a wider perspective that includes social reproduction, neighbourhood mobilisations, and the specific traditions of struggles in the Global South.” —Edward Webster, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa |
free ebook on industrial relations: The Nigerian Industrial Relations System. Challenges and Contradictions Ademolu Adediran, 2021-09-24 Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2021 in the subject Sociology - Economy and Industry, University of Ibadan (Faculty of the Social Sciences), language: English, abstract: The paper through critical analysis of available literature, and analysis of data from secondary sources such as official publications, journals, and conference papers aims to examine the Nigerian industrial relations system for its contending issues and challenges. The complex employment interrelationship between the Nigerian government, labour unions, organizations’ management, and employers' associations has been a rocky one. The goal of the interrelations which is to facilitate economic growth and assist all parties to achieve their objectives is menaced by incessant conflicts and a high level of strike propensity. It was found that certain contradicting issues and challenges are apparent in the regulatory framework and administering bodies thus leading to ineffectiveness and inefficiency. Challenges such as insincerity of involved parties, tailoring of the system towards western models, and other political and economic factors are also inhibiting the system. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Industrial Relations C. S. Venkata Ratnam, Manoranjan Dhal, 2017 |
free ebook on industrial relations: International Handbook of Trade Unions John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel, 2003 This Handbook is an authoritative and invaluable reference tool, uniquely analysing the forces governing unionism, union behaviour and union impact from a variety of perspectives, both theoretical and empirical. The 14 chapters are written in an accessible style by acknowledged leading specialists from the fields of economics and industrial relations. They offer a truly international perspective on this important subject.This superbly comprehensive Handbook examines the determinants of union membership, models of union behaviour and the economics of strikes, as well as the effects of unions on wages, pay inequality and firm performance (to include innovation). It also analyses trade unions as political actors and their impact on macroeconomic performance. Institutional detail is added in specific chapters documenting recent developments in the US and the UK, and prospects for a Europeanization of collective bargaining. A review of union density in more than 100 nations, is also provided.The Handbook is suited to a range of courses and is aptly designed to meet the needs of students - from undergraduates upwards - and academics in the fields of economics, industrial relations, human resources management, as well as general labour scholars. |
free ebook on industrial relations: The Employment Relationship in Anglo-American Law Marc Linder, 1989 This volume represents a search for the socioeconomic and legal origins of the employment relationship as it currently exists in the United States. Although the study was sparked by legal disputes in which farmers and other employers denied the existence of an employment relationship with migrant farmworkers, the scope of the controversy and the unresolved legal issues are not confined simply to unskilled and low-wage agricultural workers. Linder analyzes the evolution of an important legal doctrine through an examination of its origins and development in statute and case law in the political economies of both Britain and the United States. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Policy Implications of Virtual Work Pamela Meil, Vassil Kirov, 2017-04-18 This collection presents an array of policy debates and implications emerging from virtual work. The authors cover a range of areas, including: conceptual debates, measuring virtual work; discourses and levels of policy intervention; the role of the sharing and collaborative economy; and resultant challenges for organized labour, law and regulation. The authors of the chapters analyse the ways in which processes of digitalization leading to virtual work impact so many aspects of our lives: the way we buy, sell, network, communicate, participate, create, consume, and, of course, the way we work. In turn they focus on the subsequent implications for the future of work as well as the viability of existing social protection systems. The developments examined here are salient for both policy stakeholders and for the academic community in areas such as labour sociology, industrial relations, gender studies, political economy, and economic geography. |
free ebook on industrial relations: EBOOK: Realities of Human Resource Management Keith Sisson, John Storey, 2000-05-16 This new book builds on the success of Managing Human Resources and Industrial Relations (Storey and Sisson, 1993). It provides a succinct, affordable, up-to-date analysis of themes and topics relevant to the management of human resources today. It covers issues of critical contemporary importance such as restructuring, continuous improvement, involvement and participation, pay and working time, training and development, recruitment and selection. It also looks at the implications of contextual changes such as the signing of the 'social chapter' of the EU Maastricht Treaty, and movement towards European Economic and Monetary Union. Three features in particular distinguish this volume from the many others in the field. Firstly, it deals with both the individual and the collective aspects of managing the employment relationship. Most books cover either one or the other but not both. Secondly, in analysing the latest thinking in both areas, this book takes account of the large body of empirical research that is now available and identifies what it all means for the practitioner. Thirdly, the distinctive style in which this book is written gives it an immediacy not common in management texts. This book will be equally valuable to practising managers (not only specialist human resource managers) and students of business and management who are studying a course or module in human resource management. Helpfully for the latter audience, the book is arranged so that each chapter could appropriately constitute the required reading for a week-by-week programme extending over ten weeks. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Canadian Labour Arbitration Donald J. M. Brown, David M. Beatty, Adam J. Beatty, |
free ebook on industrial relations: EBOOK: International and Comparative Human Resource Management Graham Hollinshead, 2009-11-16 International and Comparative Human Resource Management offers students a clear and contemporary introduction to issues in managing the human aspects of international organisations. International Human Resource Management (IHRM) has grown in significance as a field of study over the past decade, due to the internationalisation of business, freedom of movement of labour and capital, and international regulation of employment matters. This new book takes a fresh and distinctive approach, combining analysis of international HR policy and practice with detailed exposition of contexts and systems of HR in a selection of developed and developing countries. |
free ebook on industrial relations: Canadian Labour Law George W. Adams, 1993 |
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grammaticality - Is the phrase "for free" correct? - English …
Aug 16, 2011 · Because free by itself can function as an adverb in the sense "at no cost," some critics reject the phrase for free. A phrase such as for nothing, at no cost, or a similar substitute …
"Free of" vs. "Free from" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Apr 15, 2017 · So free from is used to indicate protection from something problematic, and free of (which doesn't correspond neatly to freedom of) is used to indicate the absence of something: …
orthography - Free stuff - "swag" or "schwag"? - English …
My company gives out free promotional items with the company name on it. Is this stuff called company swag or schwag? It seems that both come up as common usages—Google …
How to ask about one's availability? "free/available/not busy"?
Saying free or available rather than busy may be considered a more "positive" enquiry. It may also simply mean that you expect the person to be busy rather than free, rather than the other way …
On Saturday afternoon or in the Saturday afternoon?
Sep 16, 2011 · The choice of prepositions depends upon the temporal context in which you're speaking. "On ~ afternoon" implies that the afternoon is a single point in time; thus, that …
"At/on (the) weekend (s)" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their …
meaning - What is free-form data entry? - English Language
If you are creating a column for free-form data entry, such as a notes column to hold data about customer interactions with your company’s customer service department, then varchar will …
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Feb 13, 2014 · You're free to choose....and more. The choice between these depends a little bit on context. If you're trying to convey that you want them to choose, but that you don't need a say …
word choice - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Aug 5, 2018 · Items given away free, typically for promotional purposes, to people attending an event, using a service, etc. It’s especially common in reference to, e.g., the very nice “swag …
etymology - Origin of the phrase "free, white, and twenty-one ...
May 20, 2022 · Bartlett Whiting, Modern Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings (1989) cites instances of "free, white and twenty-one" as a proverbial phrase going back to 1932, in Cecil Gregg, The …