Essay On Tipu Sultan

  essay on tipu sultan: Essays on Indian History and Culture H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy, 1990
  essay on tipu sultan: Confronting Colonialism Irfan Habib, 2002-07-01 Papers presented at various proceedings of the Indian History Congress.
  essay on tipu sultan: TipuSultan- The Tyrant of Mysore Sandeep Balakrishna, 2015-01-28 This book is part of a series of books aimed at disseminating the accurate history of India drawn from the primary sources. History writing, especially about the medieval Muslim rule has been fraught with political correctness, controversy, and in several cases, downright falsification. This has occurred mostly with official state patronage. As a result, any attempts to correct this course has been virulently opposed with the result that most urban-educated Indians have now internalized a politically correct version of Indian history. The history of Tipu Sultan too, stands as a glaring instance of this distorted historical narrative. Indeed, we have seen, read, and heard about a lot of people claiming to be freedom fighters and receiving pensions from the Government. Several of these worthies would not have been born before Independence yet they succeed in such blatant manipulations. There are instances of portraying certain rulers and chieftains as true heroes who fought against the British Empire. One such ruler happens to be Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan is widely known as the Tiger of Mysore. Indeed, the image of Tipu battling a tiger barehanded crosses the mind whenever his name is mentioned. But is this the truth? Was Tipu Sultan truly the warrior as he has been portrayed? What exactly is his record of fighting the British? Was he really a freedom fighter as is widely claimed? Sandeep Balakrishna in this well-researched book, explores both the myths and the truth surrounding Tipu Sultan. A must-read for those who wish to learn the true story of Tipu Sultan.
  essay on tipu sultan: History of Tipu Sultan Mohibbul Hasan, 2005 In The Present Work, An Attempt Has Been Made To Give An Accurate Picture Of Tipu Sultan By Disengaging His Personality From Masses Of Fictions And Distortions Which Have Gathered Round Him. As Practically The Whole Of Tipu'S Life Was Taken Up With Fighting, The Author Has Devoted Considerable Space To Campaigns And Battles. However, He Has Not Ignored Other Aspects Of His Career. He Has Paid Sufficient Attention To The Causes And Results Of Wars, While TipuS Relation With The English, The French, The Nizam, The Marathas And The Ottoman Sultan Have Been Fully Discussed. The Last Three Chapters Of The Book Have Been Devoted To A Description Of The SultanS Government And Army, His Reforms And Religious Policy, His Efforts At Industrialisation And State Socialism, His Character, His Failures And Achievements. This Pioneering Study Will Enable The Reader To Appraise The Career And Character Of This Extraordinary Man. Its Scholarly Value Is Enhanced By Professor HasanS Extensive Use Of English, French, Persian, And Urdu Sources.
  essay on tipu sultan: To Begin the World Over Again Matthew Lockwood, 2019-10-22 The first exploration of the profound and often catastrophic impact the American Revolution had on the rest of the worldWhile the American Revolution led to domestic peace and liberty, it ultimately had a catastrophic global impact—it strengthened the British Empire and led to widespread persecution and duress. From the opium wars in China to anti-imperial rebellions in Peru to the colonization of Australia—the inspirational impact the American success had on fringe uprisings was outweighed by the influence it had on the tightening fists of oppressive world powers.Here Matthew Lockwood presents, in vivid detail, the neglected story of this unintended revolution. It sowed the seeds of collapse for the preeminent empires of the early modern era, setting the stage for the global domination of Britain, Russia, and the United States. Lockwood illuminates the forgotten stories and experiences of the communities and individuals who adapted to this new world in which the global balance of power had been drastically altered.
  essay on tipu sultan: State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan Irfan Habib, 2001 Most of the papers presented at the Srirangapatnam Symposium.
  essay on tipu sultan: Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400-1800 Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 2007-02 A study of Persian travel accounts, dealing with India, Iran and Central Asia between 1400 and 1800.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Making of History K. N. Panikkar, T. J. Byres, Utsa Patnaik, 2002 A Marxist scholar and historian, Irfan Habib has been a towering presence in the Indian intellectual scene for over four decades. Professor Habib's undiminished commitment to the cause of socialism is reflected in these highly original and bold analyses of Marxist historiography and theories of socialist construction.
  essay on tipu sultan: War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 Kaushik Roy, 2011-03-30 This book examines military success of the British in South Asia during the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries. Placing South Asian military history in global, comparative context, it examines military innovations; armies and how they conducted themselves; navies and naval warfare; major Indian military powers, and the British, explaining why they succeeded.
  essay on tipu sultan: India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Kaveh Yazdani, 2017-01-05 India, Modernity and the Great Divergence is an original and pioneering book about India’s transition towards modernity and the rise of the West. The work examines global entanglements alongside the internal dynamics of 17th to 19th century Mysore and Gujarat in comparison to other regions of Afro-Eurasia. It is an interdisciplinary survey that enriches our historical understanding of South Asia, ranging across the fascinating and intertwined worlds of modernizing rulers, wealthy merchants, curious scholars, utopian poets, industrious peasants and skilled artisans. Bringing together socio-economic and political structures, warfare, techno-scientific innovations, knowledge production and transfer of ideas, this book forces us to rethink the reasons behind the emergence of the modern world.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Black Hole of Empire Partha Chatterjee, 2012-04-08 When Siraj, the ruler of Bengal, overran the British settlement of Calcutta in 1756, he allegedly jailed 146 European prisoners overnight in a cramped prison. Of the group, 123 died of suffocation. While this episode was never independently confirmed, the story of the black hole of Calcutta was widely circulated and seen by the British public as an atrocity committed by savage colonial subjects. The Black Hole of Empire follows the ever-changing representations of this historical event and founding myth of the British Empire in India, from the eighteenth century to the present. Partha Chatterjee explores how a supposed tragedy paved the ideological foundations for the civilizing force of British imperial rule and territorial control in India. Chatterjee takes a close look at the justifications of modern empire by liberal thinkers, international lawyers, and conservative traditionalists, and examines the intellectual and political responses of the colonized, including those of Bengali nationalists. The two sides of empire's entwined history are brought together in the story of the Black Hole memorial: set up in Calcutta in 1760, demolished in 1821, restored by Lord Curzon in 1902, and removed in 1940 to a neglected churchyard. Challenging conventional truisms of imperial history, nationalist scholarship, and liberal visions of globalization, Chatterjee argues that empire is a necessary and continuing part of the history of the modern state.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Dreams of Tipu Sultan Sultan Tippu, Mahmud Husain, 2022-10-27 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
  essay on tipu sultan: Capitalisms Kaveh Yazdani, Dilip M. Menon, 2020-01-02 Conventional accounts often conceive the genesis of capitalism in Europe within the conjunctures of agricultural, commercial, and industrial revolutions. Challenging this widely believed cliché, this volume traces the history of capitalism across civilizations, tenth century onwards, and argues that capitalism was neither a monolithic entity nor exclusively an economic phenomenon confined to the West. Looking at regions as diverse as England, South America, Russia, North Africa, and East, South, West, and Southeast Asia, the book explores the plurality of developments across time and space. The chapters analyse aspects such as historical conjunctures, commodity production and distribution, circulation of knowledge and personnel, and the role of mercantile capital, small producers, and force—all the while stressing the necessity to think beyond present-day national boundaries. The book argues that the multiple histories of capitalism can be better understood from a trans-regional, intercontinental, and interconnected perspective.
  essay on tipu sultan: Unearthing the Past to Forge the Future Tobias Wolffhardt, 2017-10-01 For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the British East India Company consolidated its rule over India, evolving from a trading venture to a colonial administrative force. Yet its territorial gains far outpaced its understanding of the region and the people who lived there, and its desperate efforts to gain knowledge of the area led to the 1815 appointment of army officer Colin Mackenzie as the first Surveyor General of India. This volume carefully reconstructs the life and career of Mackenzie, showing how the massive survey of India that he undertook became one of the most spectacular and wide-ranging knowledge production initiatives in British colonial history.
  essay on tipu sultan: A Great War in South India Ravi Ahuja, Martin Christof-Füchsle, 2019-12-02 This book examines documents from the wars between the British colonial power and the South Indian regional power Mysore between 1766 and 1799. It transcribes and makes available for the first time the rich German documentation of a war that was as destructive as the Thirty Years War in Germany.
  essay on tipu sultan: French Theatre, Orientalism, and the Representation of India, 1770-1865 David Hammerbeck, 2021-12-30 This book examines the French theatricalization of India from 1770 to 1865 and how a range of plays not only represented India to the French viewing public but also staged issues within French culture including colonialism, imperialism, race, gender, and national politics. Through examining these texts and available performance history, and incorporating historical texts and cultural theory, David Hammerback analyses these works to illustrate a complex of cultural representations: some contested Orientalism, some participated in Western colonialist discourses, while some can be placed somewhere between these two markers of ideology in Western culture and the arts. He also assesses the works which participated in shaping the theatrical face of Western hegemony, ones directly participating in Orientalism as delineated by Edward Said and others. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars in theatre, French literature, history and cultural studies.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies , 1979
  essay on tipu sultan: Essays on Science Hakim Mohammad Said, 1991 Raziuddin Siddiqi, b. 1908, mathematician from Pakistan; contributed articles.
  essay on tipu sultan: Tiger of Mysore Denys Mostyn Forrest, Fath ʻAli Tipu Sultan (Nawab of Mysore), 1990
  essay on tipu sultan: Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not Prasannan Parthasarathi, 2011-08-11 Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not provides a striking new answer to the classic question of why Europe industrialised from the late eighteenth century and Asia did not. Drawing significantly from the case of India, Prasannan Parthasarathi shows that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the advanced regions of Europe and Asia were more alike than different, both characterized by sophisticated and growing economies. Their subsequent divergence can be attributed to different competitive and ecological pressures that in turn produced varied state policies and economic outcomes. This account breaks with conventional views, which hold that divergence occurred because Europe possessed superior markets, rationality, science or institutions. It offers instead a groundbreaking rereading of global economic development that ranges from India, Japan and China to Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire and from the textile and coal industries to the roles of science, technology and the state.
  essay on tipu sultan: From Plassey to Partition Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, 2004 From Plassey to Partition is an eminently readable account of the emergence of India as a nation. It covers about two hundred years of political and socio-economic turbulence. Of particular interest to the contemporary reader will be sections such as Early Nationalism: Discontent and Dissension , Many Voices of a Nation and Freedom with Partition . On the one hand, it converses with students of Indian history and on the other, it engages general and curious readers. Few books on this crucial period of history have captured the rhythms of India s polyphonic nationalism as From Plassey to Partition.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Book Review , 2004
  essay on tipu sultan: Tipu Sultan's Mysore Mysore Hatti Gopal, 1971
  essay on tipu sultan: The Sculpted Ear Ryan McCormack, 2020-04-17 Sound and statuary have had a complicated relationship in Western aesthetic thought since antiquity. Taking as its focus the sounding statue—a type of anthropocentric statue that invites the viewer to imagine sounds the statue might make—The Sculpted Ear rethinks this relationship in light of discourses on aurality emerging within the field of sound studies. Ryan McCormack argues that the sounding statue is best thought of not as an aesthetic object but as an event heard by people and subsequently conceptualized into being through acts of writing and performance. Constructing a history in which hearing plays an integral role in ideas about anthropocentric statuary, McCormack begins with the ancient sculpture of Laocoön before moving to a discussion of the early modern automaton known as Tipu’s Tiger and the statue of the Commendatore in Mozart’s Don Giovanni. Finally, he examines statues of people from the present and the past, including the singer Josephine Baker, the violinist Aleksandar Nikolov, and the actor Bob Newhart—with each case touching on some of the issues that have historically plagued the aesthetic viability of the sounding statue. McCormack convincingly demonstrates how sounding statues have served as important precursors and continuing contributors to modern ideas about the ontology of sound, technologies of sound reproduction, and performance practices blurring traditional divides between music, sculpture, and the other arts. A compelling narrative that illuminates the stories of individual sculptural objects and the audiences that hear them, this book will appeal to anyone interested in the connections between aurality and statues in the Western world, in particular scholars and students of sound studies and sensory history.
  essay on tipu sultan: Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy Kate Brittlebank, 1997 Focusing upon the methods adopted by Tipu Sultan to establish his legitimacy as a parvenu ruler, this revisionary study takes an `nnovative approach to the analysis of kingship in eighteenth-century south India.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Oxford Companion to Modern Warfare in India Kaushik Roy, 2009 This volume studies the origin, characteristics, and evolution of modern warfare in the Indian subcontinent. Using a cross-cultural comparative analysis, it puts India's military experience in a global perspective to assess the uniqueness of the emergence of modern warfare in India.
  essay on tipu sultan: An Atlas of Ancient Indian History Irfan Habib, Faiz Habib, 2012-09-13 Based on recent excavations and research, this coloured atlas provides detailed information on various aspects of ancient India-society, economy, polity. Each map deals with a historical period and is supported by a detailed description in the accompanying text.
  essay on tipu sultan: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1923 With appendices.
  essay on tipu sultan: Journal of the United Service Institution of India United Service Institution of India, 1905
  essay on tipu sultan: British Literature and Technology, 1600-1830 Kristin M. Girten, Aaron R. Hanlon, 2023-01-13 Enlightenment-era writers had not yet come to take technology for granted, but nonetheless were—as we are today—both attracted to and repelled by its potential. This volume registers the deep history of such ambivalence, examining technology’s influence on Enlightenment British literature, as well as the impact of literature on conceptions of, attitudes toward, and implementations of technology. Offering a counterbalance to the abundance of studies on literature and science in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain, this volume’s focus encompasses approaches to literary history that help us understand technologies like the steam engine and the telegraph along with representations of technology in literature such as the “political machine.” Contributors ultimately show how literature across genres provided important sites for Enlightenment readers to recognize themselves as “chimeras”—“hybrids of machine and organism”—and to explore the modern self as “a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction.”
  essay on tipu sultan: The Tiger Claw Shauna Singh Baldwin, 2011-07-27 From the author of What the Body Remembers, an extraordinary story of love and espionage, cultural tension and displacement, inspired by the life of Noor Inayat Khan (code name “Madeleine”), who worked against the Occupation after the Nazi invasion of France. When Noor Khan’s father, a teacher of mystical Sufism, dies, Noor is forced to bow, along with her mother, sister and brother, to her uncle’s religious literalism and ideas on feminine propriety. While at the Sorbonne, Noor falls in love with Armand, a Jewish musician. Though her uncle forbids her to see him, they continue meeting in secret. When the Germans invade in 1940, Armand persuades Noor to leave him for her own safety. She flees with her family to England, but volunteers to serve in a special intelligence agency. She is trained as a radio operator for the group that, in Churchill’s words, will “set Europe ablaze” with acts of sabotage. She is then sent back to Occupied France. Unwavering courage is what Noor requires for her assignment and her deeply personal mission — to re-unite with Armand. As her talisman, she carries her grandmother’s gift, an heirloom tiger claw encased in gold. The novel opens in December 1943. Noor has been imprisoned. She begins writing in secret, tracing the events that led to her capture. When Germany surrenders in 1945, her brother Kabir begins his search through the chaos of Europe’s Displaced Persons camps to find her. In its portrayal of intolerance, The Tiger Claw eerily mirrors our own times, and progresses with moments of great beauty and white-knuckle tension towards a moving and astonishing denouement.
  essay on tipu sultan: Hajj across Empires Rishad Choudhury, 2024-02-08 A highly original new history of Muslim political culture across the Indian Ocean from 1739 to 1857. Examining South Asian connections with the Middle East, Rishad Choudhury draws on research in multilingual sources and archives to reveal the imperial entanglements of the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.
  essay on tipu sultan: History of Mysore Mark Wilks, 1996-12 Historical Sketches Of The South India In An Attempt To Trace The History Of Mysore.
  essay on tipu sultan: Making Waves William G. Martin, 2015-12-03 Making Waves unearths the successive, worldwide waves of revolts, rebellions, and revolutions that have shaken and remade the world from the eighteenth century to the present. It challenges us to rethink not only our limited conceptions of social movements but the very character and possibilities of social movements. The authors show how successive outbursts of global social protest have undermined world capitalist orders and, through both their successes and their failures, provided the basis for long periods of stable capitalist rule across all the zones of the world-economy. The surprises start in the Age of Revolution, when the antisystemic wave of slave revolts that led to the Haitian Revolution is related to the systemic effects of their combination with the U.S. and French Revolutions. The analysis comes up to the present, when a wave of post-1989 movements points to quite divergent futures based, as in the past, on the search for alternatives to communities organized by capital accumulation, nation-states, and the accelerating commodification and fragmentation of human needs, identities, and desires.
  essay on tipu sultan: Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India B. B. Chaudhuri, 2008
  essay on tipu sultan: The World Next Door Rajini Srikanth, 2004 This book grows out of the question, At this particular moment of tense geopolitics and inter-linked economies, what insights can South Asian American writing offer us about living in the world? South Asian American literature, with its focus on the multiple geographies and histories of the global dispersal of South Asians, pulls back from a close-up view of the United States to reveal a wider landscape of many nations and peoples. South Asian American poets, novelists, and playwrights depict the nation as simultaneously discrete and entwined with the urgencies of places as diverse as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Pakistan, and Trinidad. Drawing on the cosmopolitan sensibility of scholars like Anthony Appiah, Vinay Dharwadker, Martha Nussbaum, Bruce Robbins, and Amartya Sen, this book exhorts North American residents to envision connectedness with inhabitants of other lands. The world out there arrives next door.
  essay on tipu sultan: The Shortest History of India John Zubrzycki, 2022-05-03 An illuminating and concise telling of the 5000 years of turbulent history that led India from the ruins of ancient civilisations to emerging global superpower One of the oldest civilisations and the largest democracy in the world, India is an amalgam of customs, races, castes, languages and spiritual beliefs, woven together over 5000 years of wonderfully colossal and chaotic history. From the earliest humans and the Harappan civilisation to Muslim invaders, the Great Mughals, British rule, the country’s struggle for autonomy and present-day hopes and challenges, John Zubrzycki masterfully condenses five millennia of deities, mutinies, wars, great empires, decadent dynasties, invasions, colonisation and independence into a fascinating, lively telling. He brings the complex and contrasting layers of Indian history to life through a well-known cast of characters – Buddha, Alexander the Great, Akbar, Clive, Tipu Sultan, Lakshmi Bai, Curzon, Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi – against a backdrop of the mystical Ganges, the desert forts of Rajasthan, the snow-covered Himalayas and the ruins of India’s fabled civilisations. From Buddhism to Bollywood, India has made its mark on Asia and the world. Its progress in tackling poverty and illiteracy have been impressive, but extraordinary challenges remain – not least the threat to its secular fabric. Only time will tell if India can overcome its political, social and religious tensions to rise again and become the next global superpower. ‘John Zubrzycki has fashioned an accessible and absorbing portal to the subcontinent’s 5000-year-old history’—The Sydney Morning Herald ‘The Shortest History of India may be a one-day read but it's no small achievement. Nimbly navigating 5000 years of erratic documentation, Zubrzycki's narrative retains its poise, misses little and is a delight to read.’—John Keay Contents: Lost Civilisations Religious Revolutionaries The Classical Age The Coming of Islam The Magnificent Mughals Merchants and Mercenaries The Lighting of the Fuse The Long Road to Freedom Creating the Nation State A 'New India'?
  essay on tipu sultan: The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific ; Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures Edward Balfour, 1885
  essay on tipu sultan: Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia Carey Anthony Watt, Michael Mann, 2011 'Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia' offers a series of analyses that highlights the complexities of British and Indian civilizing missions in original ways and through various historiographical approaches. The book applies the concept of the civilizing mission to a number of issues in the colonial and postcolonial eras in South Asia: economic development, state-building, pacification, nationalism, cultural improvement, gender and generational relations, caste and untouchability, religion and missionaries, class relations, urbanization, NGOs, and civil society.
  essay on tipu sultan: Indian Review of Books , 2000
The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay | Steps & Examples
On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up …

How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates - Scribbr
Sep 18, 2020 · An essay that concerns a specific problem (practical or theoretical) may be structured according to the problems-methods-solutions approach. This is just what it sounds …

Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks - Scribbr
Feb 9, 2015 · Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks. Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson. Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona McCombes. This example guides …

The Four Main Types of Essay | Quick Guide with Examples - Scribbr
Sep 4, 2020 · Argumentative essays test your ability to research and present your own position on a topic. This is the most common type of essay at college level—most papers you write will …

How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Examples - Scribbr
Feb 4, 2019 · Your first sentence sets the tone for the whole essay, so spend some time on writing an effective hook. Avoid long, dense sentences—start with something clear, concise and …

What is an essay? - Scribbr
To write an essay, follow these steps: Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay outline. Writing: Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with …

如何写essay，我们先介绍一下essay的类型。那么如何写essay?
Descriptive essay 描述性essay，这种类型的essay主要是描述某人或某事物的想法。通常是通过建立一个特定的模式来突出描述。 Reflective essay 反思性essay，这种论文通常是解释某人， …

How to Make Your College Essay Stand Out | Tips & Examples
Oct 25, 2021 · Essay structure devices. You can frame your essay with symbolism or extended metaphors, which both work well in a montage or narrative essay structure. Symbolism. …

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples - Scribbr
Jan 11, 2019 · A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why. The best thesis statements are: Concise: …

The Writing Process | 5 Steps with Examples & Tips - Scribbr
Apr 24, 2020 · The scope depends on what type of text you’re writing—for example, an essay or a research paper will be less in-depth than a dissertation topic. Don’t pick anything too ambitious …

The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay | Steps & Examples
On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate …

How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates - Scribbr
Sep 18, 2020 · An essay that concerns a specific problem (practical or theoretical) may be structured according to the problems-methods …

Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks - S…
Feb 9, 2015 · Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks. Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson. Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona …

The Four Main Types of Essay | Quick Guide with Examples - S…
Sep 4, 2020 · Argumentative essays test your ability to research and present your own position on a topic. This is the most common type of essay at …

How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Exa…
Feb 4, 2019 · Your first sentence sets the tone for the whole essay, so spend some time on writing an effective hook. Avoid long, dense sentences—start …