Dr Amos Wilson

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  dr amos wilson: The Psychology of Self-hatred and Self-defeat Amos N. Wilson, 2020 The issue of self-hatred has very deep historical roots going way back into colonial history of the Fifteenth-century and beyond. In this text Amos Wilson details its origins as it evolved from biblical times with curse of Ham in the Old Testament up through the Middle Ages, enslavement, Jim Crow sadism and up to the present time. This experience has had long lasting impact on the creating, shaping and defining of the African American personality in particular, and the African personality worldwide. This text sets about exploring this development in its many aspects and attempts a reclamation of the African (often spelled Afrikan) mind. Herein Wilson attempts with surgical precision a remediation of this psycho-historical malady--
  dr amos wilson: Black-on-Black Violence Amos N. Wilson, 1990 The main thesis posits that the operational existence of Black-on-Black violence in the U.S. is psychologically and economically mandated by a white-dominated status quo. The criminalization of the Black American male is a psycho-politically engineered process designed to maintain the dependency and relative powerlessness of the African -American and Pan-African communities. It moves far beyond blaming the offending party toward an exposure of the psycho-social and intra-psychical dynamics of black-on-black criminality. Wilson contends that though this violence is orchestrated by white America's need to maintain its oppressive domination of black America, its ending is the primary responsibility of blacks here and abroad--
  dr amos wilson: Blueprint for Black Power Amos N. Wilson, 1998 Afrikan life into the coming millennia is imperiled by White and Asian power. True power must nest in the ownership of the real estate wherever Afrikan people dwell. Economic destiny determines biologial destiny. 'Blueprint for Black Power' details a master plan for the power revolution necessary for Black survival in the 21st century. White treatment of Afrikan Americans, despite a myriad of theories explaining White behavior, ultimately rests on the fact that they can. They possess the power to do so. Such a power differential must be neutralized if Blacks are to prosper in the 21st century ... Aptly titled, 'Blueprint for Black Power' stops not at critique but prescribes radical, practical theories, frameworks and approaches for true power. It gives a biting look into Black potentiality. (Back cover).
  dr amos wilson: The Falsification of Afrikan Consciousness Amos N. Wilson, 1993 [Exposes] the role Eurocentric history-writing plays in rationalizing European oppression of Afrikan peoples and in the falsification of Afrikan consciousness ... [and contends] that the alleged mental and behavioral maladaptiveness of oppressed Afrikan peoples is a political-economic necessity for the maintenance of White domination and imperialism.--Back cover.
  dr amos wilson: Understanding Black Adolescent Male Violence Amos N. Wilson, 1992 Wilson argues that White-on-Black violence induces in the Afrikan American community a pervasive false consciousness, one which interacts with the adolescent crises of Black males and the socioeconomic conditions which typify inner-city communities to spawn criminality and violence.--Cover.
  dr amos wilson: Black Authenticity Marcia Sutherland, 1997 Black Authenticity exposes fundamental differences in the psychologies of people of African and European descent. These differences, which are manifested in the oppressive behavior of Europeans, must be revealed before Africans can recreate an authentic Black psychology. Marcia Sutherland analyzes the various problems which plague the African world and outlines a liberated psychology which must be adopted if people of African descent are to become an independent people.
  dr amos wilson: The Psychopathic Racial Personality and Other Essays Bobby Eugene Wright, 1994 In the essay The Psychopathic Racial Personality, Dr. Bobby Wright contends that viewing white behavior towards nonwhites as psychopathic provides a new lens through which to analyze and combat the actions and aims of Europeans
  dr amos wilson: Yurugu Marimba Ani, 1994 Yurugu removes the mask from the European facade and thereby reveals the inner workings of global white supremacy: A system which functions to guarantee the control of Europe and her descendants over the majority of the world's peoples.
  dr amos wilson: Choices, Values, and Frames Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, 2000-09-25 This book presents the definitive exposition of 'prospect theory', a compelling alternative to the classical utility theory of choice. Building on the 1982 volume, Judgement Under Uncertainty, this book brings together seminal papers on prospect theory from economists, decision theorists, and psychologists, including the work of the late Amos Tversky, whose contributions are collected here for the first time. While remaining within a rational choice framework, prospect theory delivers more accurate, empirically verified predictions in key test cases, as well as helping to explain many complex, real-world puzzles. In this volume, it is brought to bear on phenomena as diverse as the principles of legal compensation, the equity premium puzzle in financial markets, and the number of hours that New York cab drivers choose to drive on rainy days. Theoretically elegant and empirically robust, this volume shows how prospect theory has matured into a new science of decision making.
  dr amos wilson: Plural But Equal Harold Cruse, 1987 A critical study of Blacks and minorities and America's plural society.
  dr amos wilson: Studies in the book of Daniel R.D. Wilson, 1917
  dr amos wilson: 100 Years of Lynchings Ralph Ginzburg, 1996-11-22 The hidden past of racial violence is illuminated in this skillfully selected compendium of articles from a wide range of papers large and small, radical and conservative, black and white. Through these pieces, readers witness a history of racial atrocities and are provided with a sobering view of American history.
  dr amos wilson: The Myth and Propaganda of Black Buying Power Jared A. Ball, 2020-04-01 This Palgrave Pivot offers a history of and proof against claims of buying power and the impact this myth has had on understanding media, race, class and economics in the United States. For generations Black people have been told they have what is now said to be more than one trillion dollars of buying power, and this book argues that commentators have misused this claim largely to blame Black communities for their own poverty based on squandered economic opportunity. This book exposes the claim as both a marketing strategy and myth, while also showing how that myth functions simultaneously as a case study for propaganda and commercial media coverage of economics. In sum, while “buying power” is indeed an economic and marketing phrase applied to any number of racial, ethnic, religious, gender, age or group of consumers, it has a specific application to Black America.
  dr amos wilson: Imhotep the African Robert Bauval, Thomas Brophy, 2013-09-01 A bold study of the ancient Egyptian architect, high priest, and royal astronomer—and his influence as the true father of African civilization. In this groundbreaking book, Egyptologist Robert Bauval and astrophysicist Thomas Brophy uncover the mystery of Imhotep, an ancient Egyptian superstar, pharaonic Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo, and Newton all rolled into one. Based on their research at the Step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara, the book delves into observational astronomy to “decode” the alignments and other design features of the Step Pyramid Complex, to uncover the true origins and genius of Imhotep. Like a whodunit detective story, they follow the clues that take them on an exhilarating magical mystery tour starting at Saqqara, leading them to temples in Upper Egypt and to the stones of Nabta Playa and the black African stargazers who placed them there. Imhotep the African describes how Imhotep was the ancient link to the birth of modern civilization, restoring him to his proper place at the center of the birthing of Egyptian, and world, civilization. Praise for Imhotep the African “An archaeological detective story. Bauval and Brophy make the case that the legendary Egyptian physician, architect, and astronomer Imhotep was not only an historical figure but that he was black. This remarkable book challenges many assumptions about life along the Nile, revealing a worldview and technology that was more sophisticated than anything previously imagined.” —Stanley Krippner, PhD, co-author of Personal Mythology “It is evident to many of their colleagues that Robert Bauval and Thomas Brophy are the dynamic duo of independent Egyptologists. They are to be commended for their scholarship and their dogged determination to present an honest assessment of historical events—even if it flies in the face of conventional dogma.” —Anthony T. Browder, author and independent Egyptologist
  dr amos wilson: Mentacide and Other Essay Mwalimu BOMANI BARUTI, 2016-02-17 Mentacide occurs when you willingly think and act out of someone else's interpretation of reality to their benefit and against our survival. It is a state of subtle insanity which, over the last few hundred years, has come to characterize more and more Afrikans globally. This collection of essays addresses various aspects of this self-negating confusion. For we, as an Afrikan people, cannot possibly attain an independent, self-sustaining empowerment without a clear understanding of who we are and are not. We cannot be someone else and ourselves at the same time, especially when that someone else is hell-bent on destroying us. For that reason, these lectures look into this confusion by critiquing our refusal to accept responsibility for consciously rearing our children, the political treason of some of the intellectuals who still pretend to speak for us, the flight of our emotions from european faiths to Afrikan spiritual systems designed to cater to our unchanged european ways and the systematic incarceration of our men and women and boys and girls while, at the same time, bring solutions to the table by paying homage to the thought and behavior of revolutionary Ancestors and Elders, discussing the responsibilities that our daughters and sons must be taught the internalize in preparation for their adult duties and examining the mental and physical conditions that are essential to our independent empowerment as a people. As we know, problems and solutions work hand in hand without knowing something is wrong or if aware, why what is wrong is wrong, we cannot implement ideas or programs that will help us solve our problems to our advantage. To that end, this collection of essays is an Afrikan centered investigation into both some of our problems and potential solutions to these problems.
  dr amos wilson: Biological Psychology James W. Kalat, 2014-04-02 This Cengage Technology Edition is the result of an innovative and collaborative development process. The textbook retains the hallmark approach of this respected text, whilst presenting the content in a print and digital hybrid that has been tailored to meet the rapidly developing demands of today’s lecturers and students. This blended solution offers a streamlined textbook for greater accessibility and convenience, complemented by a bolstered online presence, for a truly multi-faceted learning experience.Now in its eleventh edition, this excellent text provides an extremely high level of scholarship combined with a clear and occasionally humorous writing style, and precise examples. This ensures that students receive the necessary rigour of content but in a very accessible way which is easy to understand.The latest research in biological psychology is covered, with over 500 new references and new studies on topics such as: fRMI; tasters; supertasters and nontasters; synesthesia; oxytocin; and sleep as a neuronal inhibition.
  dr amos wilson: "Somebody's Calling My Name" Wyatt Tee Walker, 1979 Tracing the relationship of black sacred music and social change, Wyatt Walker observes, . . .if you listen to what black people are singing religiously, it will provide a clue as to what is happening to them sociologically. Walker traces the musical expressions of the black religious tradition from its roots in the invisible church of the slave society to its influence upon the black religious experience today. He challenges the black church to preserve this rich musical resource so that black sacred music will become one of the gifts of black people to the church universal [Publisher description]
  dr amos wilson: A Narrative of the Negro Leila Pendleton, 2022-10-27 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
  dr amos wilson: Prominent Families of New York Lyman Horace Weeks, 1898
  dr amos wilson: Know Thyself Naʼim Akbar, 1999 How wonderful it is to taught by a free teacher, a spiritual teacher, a member of our family who truly loves the family, an architect of tranforming processes, a defender of African people, a beacon, a Son of Africa, a divine spirit manisfesting our creative genius. Thousands of thousands of people know Dr. Na'im Akbar as a special treasure. This book is another important gift from him to us. It is our responsibility to study these thoughts, carfully. To follow these teachings is to guarantee our liberation and to guide us toward our destiny. From forward by Asa G. Hilliard, III, Calloway Professor of Education at Georgia State University, Atlanta.
  dr amos wilson: Maat Ife Kilimanjaro, UKMT Morality and Ethics Collective, Tdka Kilimanjaro, Yahra Aaneb, T'Gamba Heru, 2014-09-25 A return to the substance and source of African morality by recovering the rational kernel of Africa's ancient moral and ethical traditions and putting it to paper. The term Maat essentially means truth and justice incarnate in all aspects of life. Our aim in preparing this book is to serve as a bridge, a portal, a medium for transmitting the transcendental wisdom of our ancestors across centuries, to absorb the most valuable elements of preceding ancient and modern developments, molding those vast experiences into an enlightening repository of guiding principles.--Page 18-19.
  dr amos wilson: New Perspectives in Biblical and Rabbinic Hebrew Aaron D. Hornkohl, Geoffrey Khan, 2021-04-06 Most of the papers in this volume originated as presentations at the conference Biblical Hebrew and Rabbinic Hebrew: New Perspectives in Philology and Linguistics, which was held at the University of Cambridge, 8–10th July, 2019. The aim of the conference was to build bridges between various strands of research in the field of Hebrew language studies that rarely meet, namely philologists working on Biblical Hebrew, philologists working on Rabbinic Hebrew and theoretical linguists. This volume is the published outcome of this initiative. It contains peer-reviewed papers in the fields of Biblical and Rabbinic Hebrew that advance the field by the philological investigation of primary sources and the application of cutting-edge linguistic theory. These include contributions by established scholars and by students and early career researchers.
  dr amos wilson: A Letter to My Congregation, Second Edition Ken Wilson, 2016-05-20 “A breakthrough work coming from the heart of evangelical Christianity,” writes theologian David Gushee. “Wilson shows how God has led him on a journey toward a rethinking of what the fully authoritative and inspired Bible ought to be taken to mean in the life of the church today.” “This book … will shape what the church becomes,” writes anthropologist Tanya Luhrmann. “One of the most exquisite, painful, candid, brilliant pieces … that I have ever seen,” writes Christian author Phyllis Tickle. The second edition contains expanded material.
  dr amos wilson: Life in West Hartford Tracey M. Wilson, 2018 Tells the story of the West Hartford, Connecticut community from first settlement to the present day. How does the identity of a community grow? Who are the people whose voices have not been heard? And how did the powerful use their voices? Who spoke and worked for equality, democracy, and justice as delineated in our Declaration of Independence? Local history gives us a window into how life in a democracy works. -- cover
  dr amos wilson: Nationbuilding Kwame Agyei Akoto, 2018
  dr amos wilson: Writing the Big Book William H. Schaberg, 2019 The definitive history of writing and producing theBig Book of Alcoholics Anonymous, told through unprecedented access to the group's archives.
  dr amos wilson: Race First Tony Martin, 1986 A classic study of the Garvey movement, this is,the most thoroughly researched book on Garvey's,ideas by a historian of black nationalism.,.
  dr amos wilson: Awaken the Mind Sean Liburd, 2008-05-08 These words are the thoughts and offerings inspired by a man´s communication and interaction with his community. A Listener´s voice reflecting the challenges encountered on the journey of self-knowledge. A fiery truth that beckons to all African people to celebrate their ancestry while continuing the tradition of building upon the foundation for the benefit of unborn generations. Awaken the Mind: Communion with Sean Liburd the Sharing of Thoughts and Emotions, an Intimate Communication Between a People is a revealing collection of experiences and lessons that stimulate critical thinking.
  dr amos wilson: Think and Grow Rich Dennis Paul Kimbro, 1991 An inspiring an powerful success guide. ESSENCE Author and entrepreneur Dennis Kimbro combines bestseeling author Napolean Hilll's law of success with his own vast knowledge of business, contemporary affairs, and the vibrant culture of Black America to teach you the secrets to success used by scores of black Americans, including: Spike Lee, Jesse Jackson, Dr. Selma Burke, Oprah Winfrey, and many others. The result is inspiring, practical, clearly written, and totally workable. Use it to unlock the treasure you have always dreamed of--the treasure that at last is within your reach. From the Paperback edition.
  dr amos wilson: Let the circle be unbroken : the implications of African spirituality in the diaspora Marimba ; Richards Ani,
  dr amos wilson: Joel and Amos Tchavdar S. Hadjiev, 2020-11-17 Joel's arresting imagery has shaped the church's eschatological vision of a day of wrath. Amos's ringing indictments have periodically awakened the conscience of God's people. Twenty-five-hundred years later, those prophetic words still speak powerfully. This Tyndale commentary examines the two books' literary features, historical context, theology, and ethics.
  dr amos wilson: What They Never Told You in History Class Indus Khamit Kush, 1983
  dr amos wilson: King Alpha’s Song in a Strange Land Jason Wilson, 2020-02-14 When Jackie Mittoo and Leroy Sibbles migrated from Jamaica to Toronto in the early 1970s, the musicians brought reggae with them, sparking the flames of one Canada’s most vibrant music scenes. In King Alpha’s Song in a Strange Land, professional reggae musician and scholar Jason Wilson tells the story of how the organic, transnational nature of reggae brought black and white youth together, opening up a cultural dialogue between Jamaican migrants and Canadians along Toronto’s ethnic frontlines. This underground subculture rebelled against the status quo, eased the acculturation process, and made bands such as Messenjah and the Sattalites household names for a brief but important time. By looking at Canada’s golden age of reggae from the perspective of both Jamaican migrants and white Torontonians, Wilson reveals the power of music to break through the bonds of race and ease the hardships associated with transnational migration.
  dr amos wilson: South African Schooling: The Enigma of Inequality Nic Spaull, Jonathan D. Jansen, 2019-11-05 This volume brings together many of South Africa’s leading scholars of education and covers the full range of South African schooling: from financing and policy reform to in-depth discussions of literacy, numeracy, teacher development and curriculum change. The book moves beyond a historical analysis and provides an inside view of the questions South African scholars are now grappling with: Are there different and preferential equilibria we have not yet thought of or explored, and if so what are they? In practical terms, how does one get to a more equitable distribution of teachers, resources and learning outcomes? While decidedly local, these questions resonate throughout the developing world. South Africa today is the most unequal country in the world. The richest 10% of South Africans lay claim to 65% of national income and 90% of national wealth. This is the largest 90-10 gap in the world, and one that is reflected in the schooling system. Two decades after apartheid it is still the case that the life chances of most South African children are determined not by their ability or the result of hard-work and determination, but instead by the colour of their skin, the province of their birth, and the wealth of their parents. Looking back on almost three decades of democracy in South Africa, it is this stubbornness of inequality and its patterns of persistence that demands explanation, justification and analysis. This is a landmark book on basic education in South Africa, an essential volume for those interested in learning outcomes and their inequality in South Africa. The various chapters present conceptually and empirically sophisticated analyses of learning outcomes across divisions of race, class, and place. The book brings together the wealth of decades of research output from top quality researchers to explore what has improved, what has not, and why. Prof Lant Pritchett, Harvard University “There is much wisdom in this collection from many of the best education analysts in South Africa. No surprise that they conclude that without a large and sustained expansion in well-trained teachers, early childhood education, and adequate school resources, South Africa will continue to sacrifice its people’s future to maintaining the privileges of the few.” Prof Martin Carnoy, Stanford University Altogether, one can derive from this very valuable volume, if not an exact blueprint for the future, then certainly at least a crucial and evidence-based itinerary for the next few steps.” Dr Luis Crouch, RTI
  dr amos wilson: Black Athena Martin Bernal, 19??
  dr amos wilson: African Star Over Asia Runoko Rashidi, 2012-11-30
  dr amos wilson: Who Betrayed the African World Revolution? and Other Speeches John Henrik Clarke, 1994 This collection of speeches covers an array of topics from the contributions of Nile Vally civilizations to the future of Pan-Africanism in the 21st century.
  dr amos wilson: We're Not Going to Take it Anymore Gerald G. Jackson, 2005 Professor Gerald G. Jackson incorporates the perceptions, ideals, hesitancies and proclamations of hte Hip-Hop and post Hip-Hop generations into the Africana Studies field. He pulls evidence from a rich tapestry of history, classroom learning exercises, student reports, scholar and professional led lectures, discussions and educational tours to create a groundbreaking multicultural and pluralistic model for the application of Africentric helping to the educational sphere. While the mode varies, the greater number of compositions compiled here are biographies of ordinary and extraordinary African Americans. Culturally affriming, introspective and expansive, We're Not Going to Take it Anymore is a rarely seen educational innovation.
  dr amos wilson: Intellectual Warfare Jacob H. Carruthers, 1999 Exposing fallacies and reestablishing new and undistorted ways of viewing the formation of Western society, the book shows how classic literature shaped the contemporary world in intricate and sometimes startlingly and brutally honest detail. Not satisfied with simply challenging the reader to think about things differently, the volume goes further, citing specific examples and offering instruction on how to begin to retrain oneself to think about the origins of modern society in other terms.
  dr amos wilson: Butt Naked Raw & Uncensored Sadiki Bakari, 2007-07-01 Butt Naked, Raw & Uncensored forcefully and unapologetically reveals the unadulterated truth & unveils the mask. Fearlessly cutting-edge and downright controversial, it dares to address topics considered politically incorrect. It is this generation's liberation song & the untamed voice against corruption. A riveting sonnet for Black Love & today's plea for Sankofa & Self Determination.
Amos N. Wilson - Wikipedia
Amos Nelson Wilson (February 23, 1941 [3] (or 1940 [1]) — January 14, 1995 [4] [3]) was an African-American theoretical psychologist, social theorist, Pan-African thinker, scholar, author …

Dr. Amos Wilson Biography | African Warrior Scholars
Ushered into this world on February 23, 1941 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi (arguably one of the most racist states) in Southern United States of America, Dr. Amos Wilson survived to become one …

Contact Us - AO Multispecialty Clinic
Contact AO Multispecialty Clinic If this is a medical emergency, please call 911. West Augusta Office 3696 Wheeler Road Augusta, GA 30909 (706) 736-1830 Essentials Center 1220 …

Dr. Amos N. Wilson, Author, Psychologist, Social Theorist, Pan ...
Dr. Amos N. Wilson was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, on February 23, 1941. He completed his undergraduate degree at the Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, mastered at The New …

Amos Wilson - Knarrative
Author, Pan-Africanist and psychologist are just some of the titles used when referencing Dr. Amos Wilson, who became known for his novels and speeches promoting the advancement of …

Dr. Amos Wilson – Our Time Press
Dec 28, 2018 · Wilson was an African-American theoretical psychologist, social theorist, Pan-African thinker, scholar and author. He was much beloved as a learned man who was a direct …

Dr. Amos Wilson - saamr.org
He believed these power differentials, and not simply racist attitudes, was chiefly responsible for the existence of racism, and the continuing domination of people of African descent across the …

Dr Amos N. Wilson – AFRIKANWORLDINFOSYSTEMS
Professor Amos N. Wilson was a former social case worker, supervising probation officer, psychological counselor, training administrator in the New York City Department of Juvenile …

Dr. Amos Wilson: A Revolutionary Force in Black Empowerment …
Jan 15, 2024 · Embark on a transformative journey into the intellectual legacy of Dr. Amos Wilson, a pivotal figure in Black empowerment. Explore his revolutionary thought, profound …

Best dr amos wilson quotes - The Narratologist
As an influential scholar, writer, and psychologist, Dr Amos Wilson has left behind a powerful legacy through his insightful quotes. His work centered around the analysis of African …

Amos N. Wilson - Wikipedia
Amos Nelson Wilson (February 23, 1941 [3] (or 1940 [1]) — January 14, 1995 [4] [3]) was an African-American theoretical psychologist, social theorist, Pan-African thinker, scholar, author …

Dr. Amos Wilson Biography | African Warrior Scholars
Ushered into this world on February 23, 1941 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi (arguably one of the most racist states) in Southern United States of America, Dr. Amos Wilson survived to become one …

Contact Us - AO Multispecialty Clinic
Contact AO Multispecialty Clinic If this is a medical emergency, please call 911. West Augusta Office 3696 Wheeler Road Augusta, GA 30909 (706) 736-1830 Essentials Center 1220 …

Dr. Amos N. Wilson, Author, Psychologist, Social Theorist, Pan ...
Dr. Amos N. Wilson was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, on February 23, 1941. He completed his undergraduate degree at the Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, mastered at The New …

Amos Wilson - Knarrative
Author, Pan-Africanist and psychologist are just some of the titles used when referencing Dr. Amos Wilson, who became known for his novels and speeches promoting the advancement of …

Dr. Amos Wilson – Our Time Press
Dec 28, 2018 · Wilson was an African-American theoretical psychologist, social theorist, Pan-African thinker, scholar and author. He was much beloved as a learned man who was a direct …

Dr. Amos Wilson - saamr.org
He believed these power differentials, and not simply racist attitudes, was chiefly responsible for the existence of racism, and the continuing domination of people of African descent across the …

Dr Amos N. Wilson – AFRIKANWORLDINFOSYSTEMS
Professor Amos N. Wilson was a former social case worker, supervising probation officer, psychological counselor, training administrator in the New York City Department of Juvenile …

Dr. Amos Wilson: A Revolutionary Force in Black Empowerment …
Jan 15, 2024 · Embark on a transformative journey into the intellectual legacy of Dr. Amos Wilson, a pivotal figure in Black empowerment. Explore his revolutionary thought, profound …

Best dr amos wilson quotes - The Narratologist
As an influential scholar, writer, and psychologist, Dr Amos Wilson has left behind a powerful legacy through his insightful quotes. His work centered around the analysis of African …