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| dr annika mombauer: The Origins of the First World War Annika Mombauer, 2013-12-02 The seminal event of the 20th century, the origins of the First World War have always been difficult to establish and have aroused deep controversy. Annika Mombauer tracks the impassioned debates as they developed at critical points through the twentieth century. The book focuses on the controversy itself, rather than the specific events leading up to the war. Emotive and emotional from the very beginning of the conflict, the debate and the passions aroused in response to such issues as the ‘war-guilt paragraph’ of the treaty of Versailles, are set in the context of the times in which they were proposed. Similarly, the argument has been fuelled by concerns over the sacrifices that were made and the casualities that were suffered. Were they really justified? |
| dr annika mombauer: The Origins of the First World War Annika Mombauer, 2013-05-28 A unique collection of hundreds of diplomatic and military documents on the origins of WWI: newly-discovered archival sources as well as documents not previously available in English. It includes a comprehensive scholarly introduction covering the most controversial issues in the debate on the origins of WWI on the eve of the centenary. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Origins of the First World War James Joll, 1984 |
| dr annika mombauer: The Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Burma Richard Duckett, 2017-10-30 In the mountains and jungles of occupied Burma during World War II, British special forces launched a series of secret operations, assisted by parts of the Burmese population. The men of the SOE, trained in sabotage and guerrilla warfare, worked in the jungle, deep behind enemy lines, to frustrate the puppet Burmese government of Ba Maw and continue the fight against Hirohito's Japan in a theatre starved of resources. Here, Richard Duckett uses newly declassified documents from the National Archives to reveal for the first time the extent of British special forces' involvement - from the 1941 operations until beyond Burma's independence from the British Empire in 1948. Duckett argues convincingly that `Operation Character' and `Operation Billet' - large SOE missions launched in support of General Slim's XIV Army offensive to liberate Burma - rank among the most militarily significant of the SOE's secret missions. Featuring a wealth of photographs and accompanying material never before published, including direct testimony recorded by veterans of the campaign and maps from the SOE files, The SOE in Burma tells a compelling story of courage and struggle in during World War II |
| dr annika mombauer: Fatherlands Abigail Green, 2001-09-06 An exploration of the nature of identity in nineteenth-century Germany. |
| dr annika mombauer: Past and Present James Chapman, 2005-09-23 This ground-breaking book takes as its focal point director Ken Loach's view that 'The only reason to make films that are a reflection on history is to talk about the present.' In the first book to take on this major genre in all its complexity, James Chapman argues that historical films say as much about the times in which they are made as about the past they purport to portray. Through in-depth case studies of fourteen key films spanning the 1930s up to the turn of the twenty first century, from The Private Life of Henry VIII and Zulu to Chariots of Fire and Elizabeth, Chapman examines the place of historical films in British cinema history and film culture. Looking closely at the issues that they present, from gender, class and ethnicity to militarism and imperialism, he also discusses controversies over historical accuracy, and the ways in which devices such as voice overs, title captions, and visual references to photographs and paintings assert a sense of historical verisimilitude. Exploring throughout the book the dialectical relationship between past and present, Chapman reveals how such films promote British achievements - but also sometimes question them - and how they project images of 'Britishness' to audiences both in the UK and internationally. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Development of Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, 1878-1918 Mary Sparks, 2014-09-25 The Development of Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, 1878-1918 charts the urban history of Sarajevo in this period within the context of other modernising central-European cities. It gives detailed consideration to elements of change and continuity in the development of the urban fabric, as well as the economic, social and cultural life of the city. The book also explores how far changes were the work of the occupying Austro-Hungarian administration and the influx of immigrants from elsewhere, and suggests that the local elites from all confessions took an active role in the redevelopment of their city, building an integrated 'Sarajevan' version of urban modernity at a middle-class level. Case studies of particular buildings and their owners, and maps illustrating the chronological development of the city during the period, are used throughout the book to highlight aspects of the aforementioned themes. The built environment forms a major source of evidence, together with material from a range of other sources, including census records, directories, newspapers, government documents, planning records and postcards. These sources are also used to augment observations and arguments put forward in this important study for all students and scholars of modern Central and Eastern Europe. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Schlieffen Plan Hans Ehlert, Michael Epkenhans, Gerhard P. Gross, David T. Zabecki, 2021-05-11 With the creation of the Franco-Russian Alliance and the failure of the Reinsurance Treaty in the late nineteenth century, Germany needed a strategy for fighting a two-front war. In response, Field Marshal Count Alfred von Schlieffen produced a study that represented the apex of modern military planning. His Memorandum for a War against France, which incorporated a mechanized cavalry as well as new technologies in weaponry, advocated that Germany concentrate its field army to the west and annihilate the French army within a few weeks. For generations, historians have considered Schlieffen's writings to be the foundation of Germany's military strategy in World War I and have hotly debated the reasons why the plan, as executed, failed. In this important volume, international scholars reassess Schlieffen's work for the first time in decades, offering new insights into the renowned general's impact not only on World War I but also on nearly a century of military historiography. The contributors draw on newly available source materials from European and Russian archives to demonstrate both the significance of the Schlieffen Plan and its deficiencies. They examine the operational planning of relevant European states and provide a broad, comparative historical context that other studies lack. Featuring fold-out maps and abstracts of the original German deployment plans as they evolved from 1893 to 1914, this rigorous reassessment vividly illustrates how failures in statecraft as well as military planning led to the tragedy of the First World War. |
| dr annika mombauer: German Strategy and the Path to Verdun Robert T. Foley, Robert Thomas Foley, 2005-01-06 Almost 90 years since its conclusion, the battle of Verdun is still little understood. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun is a detailed examination of this seminal battle based on research conducted in archives long thought lost. Material returned to Germany from the former Soviet Union has allowed for a reinterpretation of Erich von Falkenhayn's overall strategy for the war and of the development of German operational and tactical concepts to fit this new strategy of attrition. By taking a long view of the development of German military ideas from the end of the Franco-German War in 1871, German Strategy and the Path to Verdun also gives much-needed context to Falkenhayn's ideas and the course of one of the greatest battles of attrition the world has ever known. |
| dr annika mombauer: Wilhelm II John C. G. Röhl, 2004-08-19 Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) ruled Imperial Germany from his accession in 1888 to his enforced abdication in 1918 at the end of the First World War. This book, based on a wealth of previously unpublished archival material, provides the most detailed account ever written of the first half of his reign. Following on from John Röhl's definitive and highly acclaimed Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's Early Life, 1859-1888 (1998), the volume demonstrates the monarch's dynastic arrogance and the wounding abuse he showered on his own people as, step by step, he built up his personal power. His thirst for glory, his overweening nationalism and militarism and his passion for the navy provided the impetus for a breathtaking long-term goal: the transformation of the German Reich into the foremost power in the world. Urgent warnings from all sides, both against the revival of a semi-absolute Personal Monarchy on the threshold to the twentieth century and against the challenge his goal of 'world power' implied for the existing World Powers Great Britain, France and Russia were brushed aside by the impetuous young ruler with his faithful military retinue and blindly devoted court favourites. Soon the predicted consequences - constitutional crisis at home and diplomatic isolation abroad - began to make their alarming appearance. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Annexation of Eupen-Malmedy Vincent O'Connell, 2017-11-16 This book examines the history of Belgium’s annexation of the former German territories of Eupen and Malmedy during the interwar period. Focusing on Herman Baltia’s transitory regime and Belgium’s ambivalence about the fate of its new territories, the book charts the strained relations between Baltia’s regime and Brussels, the regime’s path to dissolution, and the failed retrocession of the territory to Germany. Through close analysis of primary source material, Vincent O’Connell investigates the efforts of Baltia’s provisional government to assimilate the region’s inhabitants into Belgium. The ultimate failure of that assimilation, he argues, may be traced back not only to incessant pro-German agitation, but to flawed Belgian policy from the outset. Framed in the context of a post-Versailles Europe, the book offers an interesting case study not only of the ebbs and flows of international politics across the frontier zones of Europe in the interwar years, but of how populations react to changes in national sovereignty. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Historian , 2007 |
| dr annika mombauer: Cinemas of the World James Chapman, 2004-06-03 The cinema has been the pre-eminent popular art form of the 20th century. In Cinemas of the World, James Chapman examines the relationship between film and society in the modern world: film as entertainment medium, film as a reflection of national cultures and preoccupations, film as an instrument of propaganda. He also explores two interrelated issues that have recurred throughout the history of cinema: the economic and cultural hegemony of Hollywood on the one hand, and, on the other, the attempts of film-makers elsewhere to establish indigenous national cinemas drawing on their own cultures and societies. Chapman examines the rise to dominance of Hollywood cinema in the silent and early sound periods. He discusses the characteristic themes of American movies from the Depression to the end of the Cold War especially those found in the western and film noir – genres that are often used as vehicles for exploring issues central to us society and politics. He looks at national cinemas in various European countries in the period between the end of the First World War and the end of the Second, which all exhibit the formal and aesthetic properties of modernism. The emergence of the so-called new cinemas of Europe and the wider world since 1960 are also explored. Chapman is a tough-thinking, original writer . . . an engaging, excellent piece of work.—David Lancaster, Film and History |
| dr annika mombauer: Holding Out Tony Cowan, 2023-04-20 This is a ground-breaking study of German operational command during a critical phase of the First World War from November 1916 to the eve of the third battle of Ypres. The situation faced by the German army on the Western Front in 1917 was very different from the one anticipated in pre-war doctrine and Holding Out examines how German commanders and staff officers adapted. Tony Cowan analyses key command tasks to get under the skin of the army's command culture, internal politics and battle management systems from co-ordinating the troops, matériel and different levels of command needed to fight a modern battle to continuously learning and applying lessons from the ever-changing Western Front. His detailed analysis of the German defeat of the 1917 Entente spring offensive sheds new light on how the army and Germany were able to hold out so long during the war against increasing odds. |
| dr annika mombauer: Europe's Last Summer David Fromkin, 2005-03-08 When war broke out in Europe in 1914, it surprised a European population enjoying the most beautiful summer in memory. For nearly a century since, historians have debated the causes of the war. Some have cited the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; others have concluded it was unavoidable. In Europe’s Last Summer, David Fromkin provides a different answer: hostilities were commenced deliberately. In a riveting re-creation of the run-up to war, Fromkin shows how German generals, seeing war as inevitable, manipulated events to precipitate a conflict waged on their own terms. Moving deftly between diplomats, generals, and rulers across Europe, he makes the complex diplomatic negotiations accessible and immediate. Examining the actions of individuals amid larger historical forces, this is a gripping historical narrative and a dramatic reassessment of a key moment in the twentieth-century. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Great War Hazel Flynn, 2015-03-01 100 years after the Great War, why are we still arguing about how it began, who opposed it, why so many Chinese and Africans joined, and how the medical profession rose to the challenge -- among other things? As we mark the centenary of the Great War, critical questions remain in contention: how the conflict really began, what roles the generals played in the carnage, what happened to the conscientious objectors and how the medical profession rose to the challenge of so many wounded. This book, based on ABC RN's weekend-long broadcast, draws on the work of the world's leading thinkers and historians to challenge and extend our understanding of the war that profoundly changed the world. Featuring the views of historian and journalist Paul Ham, Margaret MacMillan from the University of Oxford, Peter Stanley from UNSW, journalist and author Peter Hitchens and many others, this is a fresh and immensely readable view of the war and its continuing impact through the 20th century to the present day. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Path to War Michael S. Neiberg, 2016-09-01 When war broke out in Europe in August of 1914, it seemed, to observers in the United States, the height of madness. The Old World and its empires were tearing each other apart, and while most Americans blamed the Germans, pitied the Belgians, and felt kinship with the Allies, they wanted no part in the carnage. Two years into war President Woodrow Wilson won re-election by pledging to keep out of the conflict. Yet by the spring of 1917-by which point millions had been killed for little apparent gain or purpose-the fervor to head “Over There” swept the country. America wanted in. The Path to War shows us how that happened. Entry into the war resulted from lengthy debate and soul-searching about national identity, as so-called “hyphenated citizens” of Irish and German heritage wrestled with what it meant to be American. Many hoped to keep to the moral high ground, condemning German aggression while withholding from the Allies active support, offering to mediate between the belligerents while keeping clear. Others, including the immensely popular former president Theodore Roosevelt, were convinced that war offered the country the only way to assume its rightful place in world affairs. Neiberg follows American reaction to such events as the sinking of the Lusitania, German terrorism, and the incriminating Zimmermann telegram, shedding light on the dilemmas and crises the country faced as it moved from ambivalence to belligerence. As we approach the centenary of the war, the effects of the pivot from peace to war still resonate, as Michael Neiberg's compelling book makes clear. The war transformed the United States into a financial powerhouse and global player, despite the reassertion of isolationism in the years that followed. Examining the social, political, and financial forces at work as well as the role of public opinion and popular culture, The Path to War offers both a compelling narrative and the inescapable conclusion that World War One was no parenthetical exception in the American story but a moment of national self-determination. |
| dr annika mombauer: The 50 greatest events in the history of humankind Michael Wenkart, 2014-06-03 The story of humankind is, ultimately, a story of advancement, progress and triumph. But it wasn’t achieved quickly nor in a straight upward line. There have been times when homo sapien has been on the verge of extinction. And times when it looked as if it might extinguish itself. We have come a long way in the fifteen millions years or so since our very distant ancestors decided that living on the ground looked like a better bet than an arboreal existence. The struggle in the early years was probably hard and threatened the existence of the species; but these very challenges are possibly what led to humanity differentiating itself from other primates and starting to develop along lines that would make it pre-eminent on the planet. The development of language was critical to this advance as were the abilities to think, analyse and plan in a more sophisticated way. These qualities have served us well and brought us the technically advanced world we now live in. |
| dr annika mombauer: Ordinary Prussians William W. Hagen, 2002-12-12 Table of contents |
| dr annika mombauer: German Strategy and the Path to Verdun Robert T. Foley, 2007-11-19 The term Battle of Verdun has become synonymous with senseless slaughter. This book offers a new perspective on one of the twentieth century's bloodiest battles by examining the development of German military ideas from the end of the Franco-German War in 1871 to the First World War. Its use of recently released German sources held in the Soviet Union since the Second World War sheds new light on German ideas about attrition before and during the First World War. |
| dr annika mombauer: Purple Secret John C. G. Röhl, David Hunt, Martin Warren, 1998 |
| dr annika mombauer: Queen Charlotte Natalee Garrett, 2024-12-27 This biography provides a well-rounded analysis of Queen Charlotte by considering her own perspectives on queenship and her role in Britain. It explores her relationships within the royal family and the court, how she was perceived in the British public sphere and in the press during her reign as queen consort, and the impact of the ‘madness’ of her husband, King George III. This book provides readers with a comprehensive, nuanced, and sensitive analysis of Queen Charlotte’s life and legacy. Charlotte embodied many of the features of queenship and womanhood that were valued in this period, such as charity and familial duty, but she also struggled with her husband’s persistent insanity, political scandals, and issues with her many children. The book provides students and general readers with an exploration of this fascinating queen, who reigned as consort for an impressive 57 years, but who has been eclipsed by the legacies of her husband and her son. It also contributes to queenship studies by enhancing our understanding of how issues such as charity, political interference, and familial scandals impacted on the position of queen consort. This biography incorporates new sources and perspectives from both Britain and Germany, including material unearthed through the Georgian Papers Programme, as well as material culture and visual culture. It explores themes of print culture, Charlotte’s friendships, identity, and royal philanthropy. Queen Charlotte is essential reading for students of eighteenth-century Britain and its Empire and the history of queenship, women, gender studies, and popular culture more broadly. |
| dr annika mombauer: Decisions for War, 1914-1917 Richard F. Hamilton, Holger H. Herwig, 2004-12-13 Focusing on the choices made by coteries, this study examines the perplexing question of why World War I happened. In each case, the decision to enter the war was made by a handful of individuals--monarchs, ministers, military people, party leaders, ambassadors, and a few others. In each case also, separate and distinct agendas are seen, with considerations differing from one nation to the next. The leadership of Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Italy, the Balkans, and the United States are explored, as well as that of the major powers involved--Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, and Great Britain, |
| dr annika mombauer: Rivalry in Southern Africa 1893-99 M. Seligmann, 1998-08-10 Seligmann focuses on the development of German policy towards the Transvaal and southern Africa in the 1890s. During this time Germany's flirtation with President Kruger and her confrontational approach to Britain threatened war. How did this come to pass? The author examines the roots of German policy and explores consequent rivalries and tensions. The conclusions show the importance of South Africa to German imperialism and the role it played in widening German imperial ambitions before the First World War. |
| dr annika mombauer: Die militärische Elite des Kaiserreichs Lukas Grawe, 2020-02-24 Warum endete der 1. Weltkrieg nicht früher? Ein biografischer Erklärungsversuch Paul von Hindenburg, Helmuth von Moltke oder Hans Hartwig von Beseler: Ihre Namen sind untrennbar mit dem 1. Weltkrieg verbunden. Sie und andere Offiziere hatten einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Vorgeschichte und den Verlauf der Urkatastrophe des 20. Jahrhunderts . Wer aber waren diese Stabsoffiziere, Generäle und Admiräle? Was prägte sie? Welche Ziele verfolgten sie und welchen Einfluss hatten sie später in der Weimarer Republik? Von General der Infanterie bis zum Admiral porträtieren Lukas Grawe und seine Co-Autoren die führenden Oberbefehlshaber des wilhelminischen Kaiserreiches. 24 essayistische Biografien zu hochrangigen Offizieren des deutschen Kaiserreiches Bayern, Sachsen, Württemberger: Befehlshaber aus allen Bereichen der Streitkräfte inkl. der Luftwaffe Ihr Nachwirken in der Weimarer Republik: politischer & gesellschaftlicher Einfluss des Militärs in der ersten deutschen Demokratie Ein Panorama wilhelminischen Denkens, das über die Militärgeschichte hinausgeht War das wilhelminische Offizierskorps ein Staat im Staat? Der Ausbruch des 1. Weltkrieges hat sich schon längst zum 100. Mal gejährt. Doch trotz zahlreicher Sachbücher gibt es Forschungslücken. Im Gegensatz zu Hitlers Militär-Elite liegen für die Kaiserzeit ausführliche Biografien nur zu prominenten Offizieren wie Erich Ludendorff oder Erich von Falkenhayn vor. Über andere einflussreiche Oberbefehlshaber wie Karl von Einem, Hermann von Kuhl oder Reinhard Scheer lassen sich kaum fundierte Arbeiten finden. Diese Lücke schließt dieses Buch, in dem nicht nur die einzelnen Lebensläufe im Mittelpunkt stehen, sondern auch die politischen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Strukturen des wilhelminischen Kaiserreiches. Denn ohne eine Analyse der elitären Kaste der Militärs lassen sich die Ereignisse im Ersten Weltkrieg kaum verstehen! Mit seinen biografischen Essays schenkt Die militärische Elite des Kaiserreichs 24 Lebensläufe tiefe Einblicke in das deutsche Kaiserreich und hilft, die Auswirkungen für die Weimarer Republik besser zu verstehen! |
| dr annika mombauer: Theses Completed 2014 , 2015 - Lists over 600 theses on historical topics completed during 2014 in UK and Irish universities - Includes not only history departments, but other departments where historical subjects might be taught - Gives full details of title, supervisor and university - Provides a subject index to aid searching, together with indexes of universities and authors The online version of Theses Completed is published on the IHR's website, where searches can be conducted by type of history, geographical area or period. |
| dr annika mombauer: Total War and Social Change Arthur Marwick, 1988-11-18 A collection of essays supported by statistics on the social consequences of the two world wars. It covers the main European countries and a range of major issues including the levels of economic activity, women's employment and the extent of executions of collaborators. |
| dr annika mombauer: Kaiser Wilhelm II John C. G. Rhl, 2014-08-21 This is a concise edition of John Röhl's prize-winning three-volume biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. It sheds new light on the Kaiser's troubled youth, his involvement in social and political scandals, and his role in foreign policy decisions that led to the outbreak of the First World War. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Kaiser Annika Mombauer, Wilhelm Deist, 2003-11-17 This collection of innovative essays examining the role of Wilhelm II in Imperial Germany was first published in 2003, particularly on the later years of the monarch's reign. The essays highlight the Kaiser's relationship with statesmen and rulers; his role in international relations; the erosion of his power during the First World War; and his ultimate downfall in 1918. The book demonstrates the extent to which Wilhelm II was able to exercise 'personal rule', largely unopposed by the responsible government, and supported in his decision-making by his influential entourage. The essays are based on thorough and far-reaching research and on a wide range of archival sources. Written to honour the innovative work of John Röhl, Wilhelm II's most famous biographer, on his sixty-fifth birthday, the essays within this volume will continue to provide an exciting evaluation of the role and importance of this controversial monarch. |
| dr annika mombauer: From Empire to Republic Collectif, 2016-09-29 After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Austria transformed itself from an empire to a small Central European country. Formerly an important player in international affairs, the new republic was quickly sidelined by the European concert of powers. The enormous losses of territory and population in Austria's post-Habsburg state of existence, however, did not result in a political, economic, cultural, and intellectual black hole. The essays in the twentieth anniversary volume of Contemporary Austrian Studies argue that the small Austrian nation found its place in the global arena of the twentieth century and made a mark both on Europe and the world. Be it Freudian psychoanalysis, the “fin-de-siècle” Vienna culture of modernism, Austro-Marxist thought, or the Austrian School of Economics, Austrian hinkers and ideas were still wielding a notable impact on the world. Alongside these cultural and intellectual dimensions, Vienna remained the Austrian capital and reasserted its strong position in Central European and international business and finance. Innovative Austrian companies are operating all over the globe. This volume also examines how the globalizing world of the twentieth century has impacted Austrian demography, society, and political life. Austria's place in the contemporary world is increasingly determined by the forces of the European integration process. European Union membership brings about convergence and a regional orientation with ramifications for Austria's global role. Austria emerges in the essays of this volume as a highly globalized country with an economy, society, and political culture deeply grounded in Europe. The globalization of Austria, it appears, turns out to be in many instances an “Europeanization”. |
| dr annika mombauer: Learning Empire Erik Grimmer-Solem, 2019-09-26 The First World War marked the end point of a process of German globalization that began in the 1870s. Learning Empire looks at German worldwide entanglements to recast how we interpret German imperialism, the origins of the First World War, and the rise of Nazism. |
| dr annika mombauer: International Encyclopedia of Military History James C. Bradford, 2004-12 With its impressive breadth of coverage – both geographically and chronologically – the International Encyclopedia of Military History is the most up-to-date and inclusive A-Z resource on military history. From uniforms and military insignia worn by combatants to the brilliant military leaders and tacticians who commanded them, the campaigns and wars to the weapons and equipment used in them, this international and multi-cultural two-volume set is an accessible resource combining the latest scholarship in the field with a world perspective on military history. |
| dr annika mombauer: The Month that Changed the World Gordon Martel, 2014 On 28 June 1914 the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in the Balkans. Five fateful weeks later the Great Powers of Europe were at war. Much time and ink has been spent ever since trying to identify the guilty person or state responsible, or alternatively attempting to explain the underlying forces that 'inevitably' led to war in 1914. Unsatisfied with these explanations, Gordon Martel now goes back to the contemporary diplomatic, military, and political records to investigate the twists and turns of the crisis afresh, with the aim of establishing just how the catastrophe really unfurled. What emerges is the story of a terrible, unnecessary tragedy - one that can be understood only by retracing the steps taken by those who went down the road to war. With each passing day, we see how the personalities of leading figures such as Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Emperor Franz Joseph, Tsar Nicholas II, Sir Edward Grey, and Raymond Poincare were central to the unfolding crisis, how their hopes and fears intersected as events unfolded, and how each new decision produced a response that complicated or escalated matters to the point where they became almost impossible to contain. Devoting a chapter to each day of the infamous July Crisis, this gripping step by step account of the descent to war makes clear just how little the conflict was in fact premeditated, preordained, or even predictable. Almost every day it seemed possible that the crisis could be settled as so many had been over the previous decade; almost every day there was a new suggestion that gave statesmen hope that war could be avoided without abandoning vital interests. And yet, as the last month of peace ebbed away, the actions and reactions of the Great Powers disastrously escalated the situation. So much so that, by the beginning of August, what might have remained a minor Balkan problem had turned into the cataclysm of the First World War. |
| dr annika mombauer: History and Neorealism Ernest R. May, Richard Rosecrance, Zara Steiner, 2010-09-09 Neorealists argue that all states aim to acquire power and that state cooperation can therefore only be temporary, based on a common opposition to a third country. This view condemns the world to endless conflict for the indefinite future. Based upon careful attention to actual historical outcomes, this book contends that, while some countries and leaders have demonstrated excessive power drives, others have essentially underplayed their power and sought less position and influence than their comparative strength might have justified. Featuring case studies from across the globe, History and Neorealism examines how states have actually acted. The authors conclude that leadership, domestic politics, and the domain (of gain or loss) in which they reside play an important role along with international factors in raising the possibility of a world in which conflict does not remain constant and, though not eliminated, can be progressively reduced. |
| dr annika mombauer: War Studies Journal , 1999 |
| dr annika mombauer: The Russian Origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin, 2011-11-30 In a major reinterpretation, Sean McMeekin rejects the standard notion of the war’s beginning as either a Germano-Austrian pre-emptive strike or a miscalculation. The key to the outbreak of violence, he argues, lies in St. Petersburg. Russian statesmen unleashed the war through policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Near East. |
| dr annika mombauer: Primary History , 2005 |
| dr annika mombauer: Wilhelm II John C. G. Röhl, 2017-07-31 Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) was a key figure in German history as it followed its fatal course from Bismarck to Hitler, and this book presents a detailed account of the first half of his reign. Concerned primarily with the question of who controlled Germany's powerful machinery of government, the text focuses on how the country's domestic and foreign policy was decided upon, and the issue of the continuity (or inevitability) of German history from the foundation of the Second Reich by Bismarck to Hitler's Third Reich. |
| dr annika mombauer: Kaiser Wilhelm II John C. G. Röhl, 2014-08-21 Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) is one of the most fascinating figures in European history, ruling Imperial Germany from his accession in 1888 to his enforced abdication in 1918 at the end of the First World War. In one slim volume, John Röhl offers readers a concise and accessible survey of his monumental three-volume biography of the Kaiser and his reign. The book sheds new light on Wilhelm's troubled youth, his involvement in social and political scandals, and his growing thirst for glory, which, combined with his overwhelming nationalism and passion for the navy provided the impetus for a breathtaking long-term goal: the transformation of the German Reich into one of the foremost powers in the world. The volume examines the crucial role played by Wilhelm as Germany's Supreme War Lord in the policies that led to war in 1914. It concludes by describing the rabid anti-Semitism he developed in exile and his efforts to persuade Hitler to restore him to the throne. |
| dr annika mombauer: Austria 1867-1955 John W. Boyer, 2022-09-15 Austria 1867-1955 connects the political history of German-speaking provinces of the Habsburg Empire before 1914 (Vienna and the Alpine Lands) with the history of the Austrian Republic that emerged in 1918. John W. Boyer presents the case of modern Austria as a fascinating example of democratic nation-building. The construction of an Austrian political nation began in 1867 under Habsburg Imperial auspices, with the German-speaking bourgeois Liberals defining the concept of a political people (Volk) and giving that Volk a constitution and a liberal legal and parliamentary order to protect their rights against the Crown. The decades that followed saw the administrative and judicial institutions of the Liberal state solidified, but in the 1880s and 1890s the membership of the Volk exploded to include new social and economic strata from the lower bourgeoisie and the working classes. Ethnic identity was not the final structuring principle of everyday politics, as it was in the Czech lands. Rather social class, occupational culture, and religion became more prominent variables in the sortition of civic interests, exemplified by the emergence of two great ideological parties, Christian Socialism and Social Democracy in Vienna in the 1890s. The war crisis of 1914/1918 exploded the Empire, with the Crown self-destructing in the face of military defeat, chronic domestic unrest, and bitter national partisanship. But this crisis also accelerated the emergence of new structures of democratic self-governance in the German-speaking Austrian lands, enshrined in the republican Constitution of 1920. Initial attempts to make this new project of democratic nation-building work failed in the 1920s and 1930s, culminating in the catastrophe of the 1938 Nazi occupation. After 1945 the surviving legatees of the Revolution of 1918 reassembled under the four-power Allied occupation, which fashioned a shared political culture which proved sufficiently flexible to accommodate intense partisanship, resulting, by the 1970s, in a successful republican system, organized under the aegis of elite democratic and corporatist negotiating structures, in which the Catholics and Socialists learned to embrace the skills of collective but shared self-governance. |
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DR Power Equipment manufactures and sells a full range of professional grade outdoor power equipment including brush mowers, leaf vacuums, chippers, lawn mowers, and …
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