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| descartes rationalism: The Rationalists Rene Descartes, Benedict de Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz, 2011-04-13 Founded in the mid-17th century, Rationalism was philosophy's first step into the modern era. This volume contains the essential statements of Rationalism's three greatest figures: Descartes, who began it; Spinoza, who epitomized it; and Leibniz, who gave it its last serious expression. |
| descartes rationalism: Descartes Reinvented Tom Sorell, 2005-07-11 In this study, Tom Sorell seeks to rehabilitate views that are often instantly dismissed in analytic philosophy. His book serves as a reinterpretation of Cartesianism and responds directly to the dislike of Descartes in contemporary philosophy. To identify what is defensible in Cartesianism, Sorell starts with a picture of unreconstructed Cartesianism, which is characterized as realistic, antisceptical but respectful of scepticism, rationalist, centered on the first person, dualist, and dubious of the comprehensiveness of natural science and its supposed independence of metaphysics. Bridging the gap between history of philosophy and analytic philosophy, Sorell also shows for the first time how some contemporary analytic philosophy is deeply Cartesian, despite its outward hostility to Cartesianism. |
| descartes rationalism: The Rationalists Pauline Phemister, 2006-09-14 Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz stand out as the great 17th century rationalist philosophers who sought to construct a philosophical system in which theological and philosophical foundations serve to explain the physical, mental and moral universe. In her new book Pauline Phemister explores their contribution to the development of modern philosophy. |
| descartes rationalism: Cartesian Theodicy Zbigniew Janowski, 2000-01-31 For example, Descartes' attempt to define the role of God in man's cognitive fallibility is a reiteration of an old argument that points out the incongruity between the existence of God and evil, and his pivotal question whence error? is shown here to be a rephrasing of the question whence evil? The answer Descartes gives in the Meditations is actually a reformulation of the answer found in St. Augustine's De Libero Arbitrio and the Confessions. |
| descartes rationalism: A Companion to Rationalism Alan Nelson, 2012-10-01 This book is a wide-ranging examination of rationalist thought in philosophy from ancient times to the present day. Written by a superbly qualified cast of philosophers Critically analyses the concept of rationalism Focuses principally on the golden age of rationalism in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Also covers ancient rationalism, nineteenth-century rationalism, and rationalist themes in recent thought Organised chronologically Various philosophical methods and viewpoints are represented |
| descartes rationalism: The Renaissance and 17th Century Rationalism Prof G H R Parkinson (Author), G.H.R. Parkinson, 2023-05-09 This fourth volume traces the history of Renaissance philosophy and seventeenth century rationalism, covering Descartes and the birth of modern philosophy. |
| descartes rationalism: The Minds of the Moderns Janice Thomas, 2009-01-01 |
| descartes rationalism: A Companion to Descartes Janet Broughton, John Carriero, 2010-11-08 A collection of more than 30 specially commissioned essays, this volume surveys the work of the 17th-century philosopher-scientist commonly regarded as the founder of modern philosophy, while integrating unique essays detailing the context and impact of his work. Covers the full range of historical and philosophical perspectives on the work of Descartes Discusses his seminal contributions to our understanding of skepticism, mind-body dualism, self-knowledge, innate ideas, substance, causality, God, and the nature of animals Explores the philosophical significance of his contributions to mathematics and science Concludes with a section on the impact of Descartes's work on subsequent philosophers |
| descartes rationalism: Modal Epistemology After Rationalism Bob Fischer, Felipe Leon, 2016-11-09 This collection highlights the new trend away from rationalism and toward empiricism in the epistemology of modality. Accordingly, the book represents a wide range of positions on the empirical sources of modal knowledge. Readers will find an introduction that surveys the field and provides a brief overview of the work, which progresses from empirically-sensitive rationalist accounts to fully empiricist accounts of modal knowledge. Early chapters focus on challenges to rationalist theories, essence-based approaches to modal knowledge, and the prospects for naturalizing modal epistemology. The middle chapters present positive accounts that reject rationalism, but which stop short of advocating exclusive appeal to empirical sources of modal knowledge. The final chapters mark a transition toward exclusive reliance on empirical sources of modal knowledge. They explore ways of making similarity-based, analogical, inductive, and abductive arguments for modal claims based on empirical information. Modal epistemology is coming into its own as a field, and this book has the potential to anchor a new research agenda. |
| descartes rationalism: Rationalist Empiricism Nathan Brown, 2021-01-05 Honorable Mention, Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for Comparative Literary Studies, Modern Language Association Twenty-first-century philosophy has been drawn into a false opposition between speculation and critique. Nathan Brown shows that the key to overcoming this antinomy is a re-engagement with the relation between rationalism and empiricism. If Kant’s transcendental philosophy attempted to displace the opposing priorities of those orientations, any speculative critique of Kant will have to re-open and consider anew the conflict and complementarity of reason and experience. Rationalist Empiricism shows that the capacity of reason and experience to extend and yet delimit each other has always been at the core of philosophy and science. Coordinating their discrepant powers, Brown argues, is what enables speculation to move forward in concert with critique. Sweeping across ancient, modern, and contemporary philosophy, as well as political theory, science, and art, Brown engages with such major thinkers as Plato, Descartes, Hume, Hegel, Marx, Heidegger, Bachelard, Althusser, Badiou, and Meillassoux. He also shows how the concepts he develops illuminate recent projects in the science of measurement and experimental digital photography. With conceptual originality and argumentative precision, Rationalist Empiricism reconfigures the history and the future of philosophy, politics, and aesthetics. |
| descartes rationalism: Political Readings of Descartes in Continental Thought Alon Segev, 2019-08-22 Descartes' philosophy plays a special role in the works of both renowned and marginal writers in the Continental Tradition, particularly in their views on society and politics. This is the first book length study to consider political responses to Descartes in 19th and 20th century European thinkers. Alon Segev shows how on the one hand Continental authors utilize Descartes' philosophy to advance the core ideas of Enlightenment and to combat the movements and systems of Capitalism, Materialism, Absolutism, Fascism, Nazism, and Neo-Paganism; however on the other hand, Segev also demonstrates that Continental authors have also discerned in Descartes' philosophy the main source of all these maladies of modernity. These opposing views are examined as they are unfolded in known and forgotten texts by authors such as Vico, Sorel, Nietzsche, Husserl and Heidegger and by lesser known figures such as Baader, Borkenau and Böhm. By exploring celebrated and overlooked texts and authors, Alon Segev both details the Cartesian influence on the touchstone thinkers of political modernity, and also fills a wide historical gap in the research, providing a significant contribution to the discussion about the crises of the contemporary social and political world. In short, this book enables us, through Descartes, to assess the advantages and shortcomings of modern society. |
| descartes rationalism: Critical Rationalism and the Theory of Society Masoud Mohammadi Alamuti, 2021-03-12 Investigating Karl Popper’s philosophy of critical rationalism, Critical Rationalism and the Theory of Society, Volume 1, explores a non-justificationist conception of critical reason and its fundamental outcomes for the theory of society. Through a set of fundamental contributions to epistemology, the theory of rationality and sociology, this volume (a) situates the idea of critical rationalism in its true epistemological context, (b) uses non-justificationist epistemology to reinvent critical rationalism and (c) applies its revised concept of rationality to show how people’s access to critical reason enables them to agree on the common values and social institutions necessary for a peaceful and just social order. These contributions lead the reader to a new epistemological understanding of the idea of critical rationalism and recognition of how a non-justificational concept of reason changes the content of the theory of society. The reader also learns how thinkers, movements and masses apply their critical reason to replace an established social order with an ideal one through activating five types of driving forces of social change: metaphysical, moral, legal, political and economic. Written for philosophers and sociologists, this book will appeal to social scientists such as moral philosophers, legal scholars, political scientists and economists. |
| descartes rationalism: The Handbook of Rationality Markus Knauff, Wolfgang Spohn, 2021-12-14 The first reference on rationality that integrates accounts from psychology and philosophy, covering descriptive and normative theories from both disciplines. Both analytic philosophy and cognitive psychology have made dramatic advances in understanding rationality, but there has been little interaction between the disciplines. This volume offers the first integrated overview of the state of the art in the psychology and philosophy of rationality. Written by leading experts from both disciplines, The Handbook of Rationality covers the main normative and descriptive theories of rationality—how people ought to think, how they actually think, and why we often deviate from what we can call rational. It also offers insights from other fields such as artificial intelligence, economics, the social sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. The Handbook proposes a novel classification system for researchers in human rationality, and it creates new connections between rationality research in philosophy, psychology, and other disciplines. Following the basic distinction between theoretical and practical rationality, the book first considers the theoretical side, including normative and descriptive theories of logical, probabilistic, causal, and defeasible reasoning. It then turns to the practical side, discussing topics such as decision making, bounded rationality, game theory, deontic and legal reasoning, and the relation between rationality and morality. Finally, it covers topics that arise in both theoretical and practical rationality, including visual and spatial thinking, scientific rationality, how children learn to reason rationally, and the connection between intelligence and rationality. |
| descartes rationalism: Descartes's Metaphysical Reasoning Roger Florka, 2001 First Published in 2001. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| descartes rationalism: René Descartes Hector Davidson, René Descartes, often regarded as the father of modern philosophy, revolutionized the intellectual landscape of the seventeenth century. His groundbreaking ideas in mathematics, metaphysics, and epistemology laid the foundation for a new way of thinking, challenging the dominance of Aristotelian scholasticism. Born in 1596 in La Haye en Touraine, France, Descartes displayed an early aptitude for learning. He was educated at the Jesuit College of La Flèche, where he received a rigorous grounding in classical philosophy and mathematics. However, dissatisfied with the prevailing methods of acquiring knowledge, he sought a more systematic and rational approach, leading to his development of the Method of Doubt. Descartes' intellectual pursuits extended beyond philosophy. His contributions to mathematics were equally significant, particularly in the creation of Cartesian geometry, which established a link between algebra and geometry through the use of coordinate planes. This innovation became a cornerstone of modern mathematics and physics, influencing generations of scientists. His emphasis on deduction and reason over mere observation shaped the trajectory of scientific inquiry, reinforcing the idea that true knowledge must be derived from fundamental principles. His most famous philosophical work, Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, sought to establish an unshakable foundation for human knowledge. In this work, he introduced the concept of radical skepticism, questioning the reliability of sensory perception and challenging assumptions about reality. Through this process, he arrived at his famous conclusion, Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am), which he considered the first indubitable truth. From this foundation, Descartes attempted to prove the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body, a theory known as Cartesian dualism. |
| descartes rationalism: The First Philosophers Robin Waterfield, 2000-09-07 A complete collection of philosophical writing of the Presocratics and Sophists, this book shows how the first philosophers paved the way for Plato and Aristotle, hence influencing the whole of Western thought. |
| descartes rationalism: Through the Eyes of Descartes Cecilia Sjöholm, Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback, 2024-02-06 I shall here present my life, writes Descartes in Discourse on Method, as in a painting and my method as a fable. Through the Eyes of Descartes demonstrates how a Cartesian aesthetics is interwoven in his thought. It brings together a variety of materials: his metaphysical writings and essays in natural philosophy, through to his letters, drawings, and printed images. Cecilia Sjöholm and Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback seek to bring Descartes into dialogue with contemporary phenomenology as well as contemporary psychoanalytic thought. They focus on how perception interacts with emotions and thought, and the way in which our gaze is directed toward limit-phenomena of beauty and fascination. In Through the Eyes of Descartes, Cecilia Sjöholm and Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback counter the traditional picture of Descartes by presenting his work in an entirely different light: a Descartes of the arts, of sensibility, of inner images, and of imagination. |
| descartes rationalism: Reading Descartes Otherwise:Blind, Mad, Dreamy, and Bad Kyoo Lee, 2013 This title casts light on what have heretofore been the phenomenological shadows of 'Cartesian rationality.' In doing so, it discovers dynamic signs of spectral alterity lodged both at the core and on the edges of modern Cartesian subjectivity. Calling for a Copernican reorientation of the very notion 'Cartesianism, ' the book's series of close, creatively critical readings of Descartes' signature images brings the dramatic forces, moments, and scenes of the cogito into our own contemporary moment. |
| descartes rationalism: Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy René Descartes, 2024-12-07 DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD AND MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY TOGETHER IN ONE VOLUME Discourse on the Method is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637. Discourse on the Method is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the development of natural sciences. Meditations on First Philosophy is a philosophical treatise by René Descartes first published in 1641. The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things that are not absolutely certain, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure. He wrote the meditations as if he had meditated for six days: each meditation refers to the last one as yesterday. (In fact, Descartes began work on the Meditations in 1639.) One of the most influential philosophical texts ever written, it is widely read to this day. |
| descartes rationalism: The Social Science Encyclopedia Adam Kuper, 2003-12-16 The Social Science Encyclopedia, first published in 1985 to acclaim from social scientists, librarians and students, was thoroughly revised in 1996, when reviewers began to describe it as a classic. This third edition has been radically recast. Over half the entries are new or have been entirely rewritten, and most of the balance have been substantially revised. Written by an international team of contributors, the Encyclopedia offers a global perspective on the key issues within the social sciences. Some 500 entries cover a variety of enduring and newly vital areas of study and research methods. Experts review theoretical debates from neo-evolutionism and rational choice theory to poststructuralism, and address the great questions that cut across the social sciences. What is the influence of genes on behaviour? What is the nature of consciousness and cognition? What are the causes of poverty and wealth? What are the roots of conflict, wars, revolutions and genocidal violence? This authoritative reference work is aimed at anyone with a serious interest in contemporary academic thinking about the individual in society. |
| descartes rationalism: A Geometry of Sufficient Reason Florian Vermeiren, 2024-08-08 This book explores and compares the reflections on space and quantity found in the works of five philosophers: Spinoza, Leibniz, Bergson, Whitehead, and Deleuze. What unites these philosophers is a series of metaphysical concerns rooted in 17th-century rationalism and embraced in 20th-century philosophies of process and difference. At the heart of these concerns is the need for a comprehensive metaphysical account of the diversity and individuality of things. This demand leads to a shared critique of Cartesian and Newtonian conceptions of space. The most problematic aspect of those notions of space is homogeneity. In essence, uniform space fails to explain the differences between locations, thus violating the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Cartesian and Newtonian theories of space thereby fail to meet the metaphysical requirement for explaining diversity and individuality. The traditional concept of quantity faces similar issues. Motivated by these problems, these five philosophers developed an alternative conception of space and quantity. By examining these theories, the book sheds new light on an unexplored relation between rationalism and 20th-century Continental philosophy. A Geometry of Sufficient Reason will appeal to scholars and graduate students working in Continental philosophy, history of philosophy, metaphysics, and the history and philosophy of science. |
| descartes rationalism: An Analysis of Rene Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy Andreas Vrahimis, 2017-07-05 René Descartes’s 1641 Meditations on First Philosophy is a cornerstone of the history of western thought. One of the most important philosophical texts ever written, it is also a masterclass in the art of critical thinking – specifically when it comes to reasoning and interpretation. Descartes sought to do nothing less than create a new foundation for the pursuit of knowledge – whether philosophical, scientific, or theological. To that end, he laid out a systematic programme that reinterpreted prior definitions of knowledge, and reasoned out a systematic means of obtaining, verifying, and building on existing human knowledge. To this end, Descartes created a definition of true knowledge as that which is based on things which cannot be called into doubt by radical scepticism. If, he suggests, we can find a belief that cannot be called into doubt, this will provide a solid foundation upon which we can build systematic reasoning. This ‘cartesian’ method, as it has come to be known, is a blueprint for reasoning that continues to shape the study of philosophy today: a careful weighing of possibilities, searching out solid ground and building on it step by step. |
| descartes rationalism: The Rationalists Rene Descartes, Benedict de Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz, 1960-08-23 Founded in the mid-17th century, Rationalism was philosophy's first step into the modern era. This volume contains the essential statements of Rationalism's three greatest figures: Descartes, who began it; Spinoza, who epitomized it; and Leibniz, who gave it its last serious expression. |
| descartes rationalism: Critics of Enlightenment Rationalism Revisited Gene Callahan, Kenneth B. McIntyre, 2022-09-10 This book provides an overview of some of the most important critics of “Enlightenment rationalism.” The subjects of the volume (including, among others, Pascal, Vico, Schmitt, Weber, Anscombe, Scruton, and Tolkien) do not share a philosophical tradition as much as a skeptical disposition toward the notion, common among modern thinkers, that there is only one standard of rationality or reasonableness, and that that one standard is or ought to be taken from the presuppositions, methods, and logic of the natural sciences. The essays on each thinker are intended not merely to offer a commentary on that thinker, but also to place the person in the context of this larger stream of anti-rationalist thought. |
| descartes rationalism: History of Psychology Cherie O'Boyle, 2020-12-29 This classic edition includes a new foreword by former APA President Antonio E. Puente which primes the reader for a unique, bold and lively account of the history of psychology that remains relevant and useful to this day. This text surveys core areas in the history of psychology, covering the history of applied, developmental, clinical, cognitive and experimental psychology. O’Boyle writes in the historical present, which gives readers a sense of immediacy and aliveness as they journey through history. Her account uses imaginative new features, including The Times, which gives readers a feel for what everyday life was like during the age discussed in the chapter. Descriptions of ordinary life, as well as information about important issues influencing people’s lives such as wars, social movements, famines, and plagues will pique student interest. Stop and Think questions, scattered throughout, enhance retention and encourage critical thinking. This book continues to provide a creative, distinct, and valuable contribution to the field, and is an essential read for undergraduate students undertaking courses in the history of psychology and history of science, history and systems of psychology, and introductory psychology. |
| descartes rationalism: The Oxford Illustrated History of Western Philosophy Sir Anthony Kenny, 1997-03-06 Written by a team of distinguished scholars, this is an authoritative and comprehensive history of Western philosophy from its earliest beginnings to the present day. The book is illustrated with over 150 colour and black-and-white pictures, chosen to illuminate and complement the text. Now in paperback, this lively and readable volume is an ideal introduction to philosophy for anyone interested in the history of ideas. An outstanding team of contributors... Stephen. R. L. Clark on Ancient Philosophy Paul Vincent Spade on Medieval Philosophy Anthony Kenny on Descartes to Kant Roger Scruton on Continental Philosophy from Fichte to Sartre David Pears and Anthony Kenny on Mill to Wittgenstein Anthony Quinton on Political Philosophy - ;Written by a team of distinguished scholars, this is an authoritative and comprehensive history of Western philosophy from its earliest beginnings to the present day. The book is illustrated with over 150 colour and black-and-white pictures, chosen to illuminate and complement the text. Lively and readable, this is an ideal introduction to philosophy for anyone interested in the history of ideas. `a wonderfully lucid exposition of difficult ideas' Tablet `Anthony Kenny, the editor of this courageously erudite compendium, reminds us that philosophy has always been fascinated by the interweaving of words and images, while artists have played upon philosophic concepts.' Observer - ;Preface; Ancient Philosophy; Medieval Philosophy; Descartes to Kant; Continental Philosophy from Fichte to Sartre; Mill to Wittgenstein; Political Philosophy; Conclusion: Contemporary Philosophy. - ;a wonderfully lucid exposition of difficult ideas - Tablet;Anthony Kenny, the editor of this courageously erudite compendium, reminds us that philosophy has always been fascinated by the interweaving of words and images, while artists have played upon philosophic concepts. - Observer |
| descartes rationalism: Philosophy of Science Timothy McGrew, Marc Alspector-Kelly, Fritz Allhoff, 2009-05-04 By combining excerpts from key historical writings with commentary by experts, Philosophy of Science: An Historical Anthology provides a comprehensive history of the philosophy of science from ancient to modern times. Provides a comprehensive history of the philosophy of science, from antiquity up to the 20th century Includes extensive commentary by scholars putting the selected writings in historical context and pointing out their interconnections Covers areas rarely seen in philosophy of science texts, including the philosophical dimensions of biology, chemistry, and geology Designed to be accessible to both undergraduates and graduate students |
| descartes rationalism: Philosophy for A2: Unit 4 Michael Lacewing, 2014-01-14 Philosophy for A2: Unit 4 is the definitive textbook for students of the current AQA Advanced Level syllabus for philosophy. Structured very closely around the AQA specifications for Unit 4: Philosophical Problems, Michael Lacewing helps students to engage with and understand the arguments of the five key texts: Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Plato's The Republic Mill's On Liberty Descartes' Meditations Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil. All chapters are helpfully subdivided into short digestible passages, and include: quiz questions to test core knowledge discussion questions to deepen understanding 'going further' sections for advanced study text boxes highlighting key definitions and arguments cross-references to help students make connections. In addition, a chapter on exam preparation contains a wealth of helpful hints and tips on revision and exam techniques. Written by an experienced philosopher and A Level consultant, Philosophy for A2: Unit 4 is an essential companion for all students of A2 Level philosophy. |
| descartes rationalism: The Urban Archetypes of Jane Jacobs and Ebenezer Howard Abraham Akkerman, 2020-01-09 Ebenezer Howard, an Englishman, and Jane Jacobs, a naturalized Canadian, personify the twentieth century's opposing outlooks on cities. Howard had envisaged small towns, newly built from scratch, fashioned on single family homes with small gardens. Jacobs embraced existing inner-city neighbourhoods emphasizing the verve of the living street. From Howard's idea, the American Dream of garden suburbs had emerged, yet his conceptualization of a modern city received criticism for being uniform and alienated from the rest of the city. Similarly, at the turn of the new century, Jacobs' inner-city neighbourhoods came to be recognized as the result of commodification, vacillating between poverty and newly discovered hubs of urban authenticity. Presenting Howard and Jacobs within a psychocultural context, The Urban Archetypes of Jane Jacobs and Ebenezer Howard addresses our urban crisis in the recognition that city form is a gendered, allegorical medium expressing femininity and masculinity within two founding features of the built environment: void and volume. Both founding contrasts bring tensions, but also the opportunities of fusion between pairs of urban polarities: human scale against superscale, gait against speed, and spontaneity against surveillance. Jacobs and Howard, in their respective attitudes, have come to embrace the two ancient archetypes, the Garden and the Citadel, leaving it to future generations to blend their two contrarian stances. |
| descartes rationalism: Revise Philosophy for AS Level Michael Lacewing, 2007-01-24 Revise Philosophy for AS Level is the definitive revision guide for students of Advanced Subsidiary level. It offers clear and accessible support for all three units: epistemology, moral philosophy and philosophy of religion and each of the set texts. |
| descartes rationalism: Ethics and Human Nature Hector Davidson, This book bundle contains these titles: - Baruch Spinoza - Camus - René Descartes - Michel Foucault - Hannah Arendt Learn more about these philosophers now! |
| descartes rationalism: Reason and Being Boris G. Kuznetsov, 2013-06-29 Boris Kuznetsov was a scientist among humanists, a philosopher among scientists, a historian for those who look to the future, an optimist in an age of sadness. He was steeped in classical European culture, from earliest times to the latest avant-garde, and he roamed through the ages, an inveterate time-traveller, chatting and arguing with Aristotle and Descartes, Heine and Dante, among many others. Kuznetsov was also, in his intelligent and thoughtful way, a Marxist scholar and a practical engineer, a patriotic Russian Jew of the first sixty years of the Soviet Union. Above all he meditated upon the revolutionary developments of the natural sciences, throughout history to be sure but particularly in his own time, the time of what he called 'non-classical science', and of his beloved and noblest hero, Albert Einstein. Kuznetsov was born in Dnepropetrovsk on October 5, 1903 (then Yekaterinoslav). By early years he had begun to teach, first in 1921 at an institute of mining engineering and then at other technological institutions. By 1933 he had received a scientific post within the Academy of Science of the U. S. S. R. , and then at the end of the Second World War he joined several colleagues at the new Institute of the History of Science and Technology. For more than 40 years he worked there until his death two years ago. |
| descartes rationalism: Companion to the History of Modern Science G N Cantor, G.N. Cantor, J.R.R. Christie, M.J.S. Hodge, R.C. Olby, 2020-10-07 The 67 chapters of this book describe and analyse the development of Western science from 1500 to the present day. Divided into two major sections - 'The Study of the History of Science' and 'Selected Writings in the History of Science' - the volume describes the methods and problems of research in the field and then applies these techniques to a wide range of fields. Areas covered include: * the Copernican Revolution * Genetics * Science and Imperialism * the History of Anthropology * Science and Religion * Magic and Science. The companion is an indispensable resource for students and professionals in History, Philosophy, Sociology and the Sciences as well as the History of Science. It will also appeal to the general reader interested in an introduction to the subject. |
| descartes rationalism: History of Aesthetics Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, 2006-04-01 Tatarkiewicz's History of Aesthetics is an extremely comprehensive account of the development of European aesthetics from the time of the ancient Greeks to the 1700s. Published originally in Polish in 1962-7, it achieved bestseller status and acclaim as the best work of its kind in the world. The English translation of 1970-74 is a rare masterpiece. Covering ancient, medieval and modern aesthetics, Tatarkiewicz writes substantial essays on the views of beauty and art through the ages and then goes on to demonstrate these with extracts from original texts from each period. The authors he cites include Homer, Democritus, Plato, St Augustine, Boethius, Thomas Aquinas, Dante, William of Ockham, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo, Bacon, Shakespeare and Rubens. His study is systematic and extremely wide, including the aesthetics of the archaic period, the classical period, Hellenistic aesthetics, Eastern Aesthetics, Western Aesthetics, the Renaissance, sixteenth-century visual arts, poetry and music, Italian, English, Spanish and Polish aesthetics of the sixteenth century, Baroque aesthetics, and theories of painting and architecture in the seventeeth century. Tatarkiewicz (1886-1981) was the most distinguished Polish historian of philosophy of the twentieth century, with an international reputation as an aesthetician and authority in art criticism, the history of art and classical scholarship. The erudition, lucidity and clarity of his writing make this unique work an accessible and invaluable source for the study of the history of aesthetics. |
| descartes rationalism: Theories of Human Development Michael G. Green, John A. Piel, 2015-07-14 The authors have grouped the theories into three classical families which differ in their views relative to the prime motives underlying human nature. They show how theories are specific examples of more general points of view called paradigms. The theories chosen to represent the three paradigms (the Endogenous Paradigm, Exogenous Paradigm, and the Constructivist Paradigm) were selected because they met four criteria: importance, as judged by academic and research psychologists fertility, as judged by the amount of research the theory has generated scope, as judged by the variety of phenomena the various theories explain family resemblance, as judged by how well each theory represents its paradigm The authors present the paradigm case in the lead chapter for each paradigm. This paradigm case is the best example for the paradigm. The authors explain why paradigm cases are important, and give them more detailed treatment than other theories in the same paradigm. |
| descartes rationalism: After the Natural Law John Lawrence Hill, 2016-02-08 The natural law worldview developed over the course of almost two thousand years beginning with Plato and Aristotle and culminating with St. Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century. This tradition holds that the world is ordered, intelligible and good, that there are objective moral truths which we can know and that human beings can achieve true happiness only by following our inborn nature, which draws us toward our own perfection. Most accounts of the natural law are based on a God-centered understanding of the world. After the Natural Law traces this tradition from Plato and Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas and then describes how and why modern philosophers such as Descartes, Locke and Hobbes began to chip away at this foundation. The book argues that natural law is a necessary foundation for our most important moral and political values freedom, human rights, equality, responsibility and human dignity, among others. Without a theory of natural law, these values lose their coherence: we literally cannot make sense of them given the assumptions of modern philosophy. Part I of the book traces the development of natural law theory from Plato and Aristotle through the crowning achievement of Thomas Aquinas. Part II explores how modern philosophers have systematically chipped away at the only coherent foundation for these values. As a result, our most important moral and political ideals today are incoherent. Modern political and moral thinkers have been led either to dilute the meaning of such terms as freedom or the moral good or abandon these ideas altogether. Thus, modern philosophy and political thought are leading us either toward anarchy or totalitarianism. The conclusion, entitled Why God Matters, shows how even the philosophical assumptions of the natural law depend on a personal God. |
| descartes rationalism: On Modern Origins Richard Kennington, 2004-01-01 Richard Kennington (1921-1999), a professor for many years at Pennsylvania State University and the Catholic University of America, was renowned for his insight in reading and teaching early modern philosophy. Although he published articles and spoke widely, never before have his writings been collected in a book. On Modern Origins deftly shows how modern thinkers assessed the errors of the classical tradition and established in its place a philosophy that fuses a new meaning of nature and of theory with humanitarian goals. This volume is an essential source for scholars seeking to understand the contemporary significance of the dawning of the modern era. |
| descartes rationalism: The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-century Philosophy Daniel Garber, Michael Ayers, 2003 |
| descartes rationalism: David Hume's Critique of Infinity Dale Jacquette, 2001 This new study of David Hume s philosophy of mathematics critically examines his objections to the concept of infinity, and his alternative phenomenalist theory of space and time as constituted by minima sensibilia or sensible extensionless indivisibles. |
René Descartes - Wikipedia
René Descartes (/ deɪˈkɑːrt / day-KART, also UK: / ˈdeɪkɑːrt / DAY-kart; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt] ⓘ; [note 3][11] 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) [12][13]: 58 was a French philosopher, …
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Descartes’ Logistics Technology Platform digitally combines the world’s most expansive logistics network with the industry’s broadest array of logistics management applications and most …
Rene Descartes | Biography, Ideas, Philosophy, ‘I Think, Therefore I …
René Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher during the 17th century. He is often considered a precursor to the rationalist school of thought, and his vast contributions to …
René Descartes - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Dec 3, 2008 · René Descartes (1596–1650) was a creative mathematician of the first order, an important scientific thinker, and an original metaphysician. During the course of his life, he was …
Rene Descartes: Biography, Philosopher, I Think; Therefore I Am
Aug 8, 2023 · Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.”
René Descartes - World History Encyclopedia
Sep 22, 2020 · René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French mathematician, natural scientist, and philosopher, best known by the phrase 'Cogito ergo sum' ('I think therefore I am'). He …
Descartes, Rene | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
René Descartes (1596—1650) René Descartes is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic …
René Descartes (1596-1650) - Philosophy A Level
Often referred to as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes is known for his methodical approach to knowledge and reasoning, which he developed in works like Meditations on First …
Descartes’ Life and Works - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Apr 9, 2001 · Descartes has been heralded as the first modern philosopher. He is famous for having made an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the …
Rene Descartes as a mathematician and philosopher | Britannica
René Descartes, (born March 31, 1596, La Haye, Touraine, France—died Feb. 11, 1650, Stockholm, Swed.), French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher, considered the father of …
René Descartes - Wikipedia
René Descartes (/ deɪˈkɑːrt / day-KART, also UK: / ˈdeɪkɑːrt / DAY-kart; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt] ⓘ; [note 3][11] 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) [12][13]: 58 was a French philosopher, scientist, …
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Descartes’ Logistics Technology Platform digitally combines the world’s most expansive logistics network with the industry’s broadest array of logistics management applications and most …
Rene Descartes | Biography, Ideas, Philosophy, ‘I Think, Therefore …
René Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher during the 17th century. He is often considered a precursor to the rationalist school of thought, and his vast contributions to the …
René Descartes - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Dec 3, 2008 · René Descartes (1596–1650) was a creative mathematician of the first order, an important scientific thinker, and an original metaphysician. During the course of his life, he was a …
Rene Descartes: Biography, Philosopher, I Think; Therefore I Am
Aug 8, 2023 · Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.”
René Descartes - World History Encyclopedia
Sep 22, 2020 · René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French mathematician, natural scientist, and philosopher, best known by the phrase 'Cogito ergo sum' ('I think therefore I am'). He published …
Descartes, Rene | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
René Descartes (1596—1650) René Descartes is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian …
René Descartes (1596-1650) - Philosophy A Level
Often referred to as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes is known for his methodical approach to knowledge and reasoning, which he developed in works like Meditations on First …
Descartes’ Life and Works - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Apr 9, 2001 · Descartes has been heralded as the first modern philosopher. He is famous for having made an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of …
Rene Descartes as a mathematician and philosopher | Britannica
René Descartes, (born March 31, 1596, La Haye, Touraine, France—died Feb. 11, 1650, Stockholm, Swed.), French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher, considered the father of modern …
