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| digital switching in telecommunication: Digital Switching Systems Syed Riffat Ali, 1998 In addition, the book develops a generic digital switching system model that enables even the most inexperienced telecommunications engineers to quickly comprehend the basic architecture and functionally of digital switching systems. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Fundamentals of Digital Switching John C. McDonald, 2013-04-18 The development of low-cost digital integrated circuits has brought digital switching from a concept to an economic reality. Digital switching systems have now found worldwide acceptance and there are very few new switch ing systems being considered either for design or application which are not digital. Digital technology has created new opportunities for innovation including the integration of digital transmission and switching, the combi nation of voice and data services in one switching entity, and the design of switching systems which are economical over a broad range of sizes. In the strict sense, the term digital switching refers to a system which establishes a message channel between two terminations where infor mation is represented in digital form. In more common usage, a digital switch usually contains a time-divided network composed of logic gates and digital memory to accomplish the switching function. The intent of this book is to provide an introductory level explanation of the principles of digital switching. These principles apply to both public and PABX switching. The book is aimed at those who apply, design, main tain, or simply wish to understand digital switching techniques. An electri cal engineering degree is definitely not required for comprehension. We have concentrated on explaining digital switching techniques without the use of detailed mathematics. However, each chapter contains a comprehen sive list of references which will lead the reader to sources for a more in-depth study of the many subjects covered. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks Thiagarajan Viswanathan, 1992 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunication Switching and Networks P. Gnanasivam, 2005 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Fundamentals of Telecommunications Roger L. Freeman, 2005-05-20 The Second Edition of this critically-acclaimed text continues the standard of excellence set in the first edition by providing a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of telecommunication networks without bogging you down in complex technical jargon or math. Although focusing on the basics, the book has been thoroughly updated with the latest advances in the field, including a new chapter on metropolitan area networks (MANs) and new sections on Mobile Fi, ZigBee and ultrawideband. You’ll learn which choices are now available to an organization, how to evaluate them and how to develop strategies that achieve the best balance among cost, security and performance factors for voice, data, and image communication. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunication Switching And Networks P. Gnanasivam, 2007 This Book, Telecommunication Switching And Networks Is Intended To Serve As A Textbook For Undergraduate Course Of Information Technology, Electronics And Communication Engineering, And Telecommunication Engineering. Telecommunication Switching Is Fastgrowing Field And Enormous Research And Development Are Undertaken By Various Organisations And Firms. This Book Provides An In-Depth Knowledge On Telecommunication Switching And A Good Background For Advanced Studies In Communication Networks. For Best Understanding, More Diagrams (202), Tables (35) And Related Websites, Which Provide Sufficient Information Have Been Added. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Digital Switching Control Architectures Giuseppe Fantauzzi, 1990 An introduction to telephone exchange software, its functions and architectures. With continuous reference to the problems and realities of existing systems, this book analyzes hardware and software architectures adopted for the control of telecommunication switching exchanges. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Electronic Switching Amos E. Joel, 1976 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Essentials of Modern Telecommunications Systems Nihal Kularatna, Dileeka Dias, 2004 7 -- Transmission Techniques 2717.1 Introduction 271; 7.2 Transmission Line Behavior 271; 7.3 Decibel Measurements 273; 7.4 Basic TDM Techniques and Digital Transmission Systems 274; 7.5 Plesiochronous Higher-Order Digital Multiplexing or PDH 279; 7.6 Synchronous Digital Multiplexing 281; 7.7 Optical Networks 287; 7.8 The Future 290; 8 -- Telecommunication Systems Testing 293; 8.1 Introduction 293; 8.2 Measurement Areas 293; 8.3 Measurement of Power Levels in Telecommunications Circuits 294; 8.4 High-Frequency Power Measurements 296. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Switch Element Capacities in Access Area Digital Switching Systems R. F. Linfield, 1979 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunications Switching, Traffic and Networks John Edward Flood, 2012 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS THIAGARAJAN VISWANATHAN, MANAV BHATNAGAR, 2015-01-08 The rapid expansion of the field of telecommunication networks call for a new edition to assist the readers with development of understanding towards new telecommunication technologies. This well-accepted textbook, now in its Second Edition, is designed for the final-year undergraduate and the first-year graduate students in electronics and communication engineering and allied subjects. It fulfils the need for a suitable textbook in the area of telecommunication switching systems and networks. The text covers, in a single volume, both switching systems and telecommunications networks. The book begins with a brief discussion on the evolution of telecommunication. It then goes on to give a classification scheme for switching systems, and describes the basic components of a switching system and the fundamental concepts of network structures. It provides an in-depth coverage of fibre optic communication system and the traffic engineering concepts. A distinguishing feature of the book is the thorough treatment of the most important telecommunication networks, viz. the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the public data network (PDN), and the integrated services digital network (ISDN). Worked-out examples and exercises would be of considerable assistance to the reader in understanding all aspects of telecommunication engineering. NEW TO THIS EDITION • Sections on SONET, WDM, and DWDM in Chapter 7 • New section on Broadband ISDN and related technologies in Chapter 11 • A new chapter on Mobile Communication which covers almost all aspects of the cell planning and mobile channels • A new chapter on Satellite Communication which gives sufficient introductory knowledge of the satellites, satellite orbits, and orbital theory • Satellite link budget analysis (with examples) in Chapter 13. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Understanding Telecommunications Networks Andy Valdar, 2006-11-15 This book provides a broad introduction to all aspects of modern telecommunications networks, covering the principles of operation of the technology and the way that networks using this technology are structured. The main focus is on those technologies in use today and the next generation networks (NGN) and how they will be implemented. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunications Principles J. O'Reilly, 1989-02-28 This introduction to telecommunications provides a broad view of modern telecommunications principles and applications. The revised and expanded edition will meet the needs of a wider audience through the addition of more advanced material, particularly the treatment of the Fourier transform and the greater emphasis placed on the influence of noise on system performance. The book concludes with a set of case studies which illustrate the principles introduced and demonstrate their applications. There is a new case study on the Compact Disc as a communications system. In keeping with the other books in the series this book has marginal notes to expand and enrich the main text, worked examples that illustrate theory and applications, problems (with answers) graded according to difficulty at the ends of chapters and clear cross-referencing to other titles in the series where appropriate. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Nonblocking Electronic and Photonic Switching Fabrics Wojciech Kabacinski, 2005-08-12 Surveys recent advances in combinatorial properties of switching fabrics Written by an expert in the area of switching fabrics |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Basic Electronic Switching for Telephone Systems David Talley, 1982 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunication System Engineering Roger L. Freeman, 2015-07-31 From the review of the Third Edition: A must for anyone in volved in the practical aspects of the telecommunications industry. —CHOICE Outlines the expertise essential to the successful operation and design of every type of telecommunications networks in use today New edition is fully revised and expanded to present authoritative coverage of the important developments that have taken place since the previous edition was published Includes new chapters on hot topics such as cellular radio, asynchronous transfer mode, broadband technologies, and network management |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunication Networks John Edward Flood, 1997 This book discusses the structure and performance of networks in the context of the services they provide. Chapters are devoted to public and private networks, ISDN, intelligent networks, mobile radio networks and broadband networks. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Digital Telephony and Network Integration Bernhard E. Keiser, 2012-12-06 What is digital telephony? To the authors, the term digital telephony de notes the technology used to provide a completely digital point-to-point voice communication system from end to end. This implies the use of digital technol ogy from one end instrument through the transmission facilities and switching centers to another end instrument. Digital telephony has become possible only because of the recent and ongoing surge of semiconductor developments allowing microminiaturization and high reliability along with reduced costs. This book deals with both the future and the present. Thus, the first chapter is entitled, A Network in Transition. As baselines, Chapters 2, 3, and 10 provide the reader with the present status of telephone technology in terms of voice digitization as well as switching principles. The book is an outgrowth of the authors' continuing engineering education course, Digital Telephony, which they have taught since January, 1980, to attendees from business, industry, government, common carriers, and tele phony equipment manufacturers. These attendees come from a wide variety of educational backgrounds. but generally have the equivalent of at least a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The book has been written to provide both the engineering student and the practicing engineer a working knowledge of the principles of present and future voice communication systems based upon the use of the public switched network. Problems or discussion questions have been included at the ends of the chapters to facilitate the book's use as a senior level or first year graduate level course text. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Optical Switching Tarek S. El-Bawab, 2008-02-11 Optical Switching is the most comprehensive and up to date reference book on its subject. After three decades of research and development efforts, optical switching has started to be deployed in cutting-edge networking initiatives. The optical devices, optical networks, and telecommunications/data networking communities are in need of a reference book that compiles diverse optical switching research, from device technologies to system and network architectures, into one properly structured volume. This book provides such a service to these communities. The book is structured into three parts. The first part provides the foundation for understanding the potential role of optical switching in communication networks. The second part is focused on optical switching technologies and on devices based upon them. Theories, operation principles, and fabrication techniques are discussed. The third part covers optical-switching fabrics, systems, and networks. Applications of optical switching in communication networks are discussed, involving optical circuit, packet, and burst switching. The chapters are self-contained with minimum overlap. They bring together academic and industrial contributions, analytical and descriptive treatments, and cover theories, experimentation, and practice. The material has been carefully coordinated to form a homogeneous manuscript having a progressive and logical development of ideas and concepts. The book embraces a number of distinctive innovations. Old and new terminologies are investigated, clarified, redefined where necessary, and used consistently throughout the entire volume. The treatment of the subject is original, not only in terms of comprehensive coverage, but also in terms of structure and organization. Twenty-four authors contributed the fourteen chapters of this book, including the Editor Tarek S. El-Bawab who authored four chapters. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Signaling in Telecommunication Networks John G. van Bosse, Fabrizio U. Devetak, 2006-11-03 Guidance to help you grasp even the most complex network structures and signaling protocols The Second Edition of Signaling in Telecommunication Networks has been thoroughly updated, offering new chapters and sections that cover the most recent developments in signaling systems and procedures. This acclaimed book covers subscriber and network signaling in both fixed and mobile networks. Coverage begins with an introduction to circuit-switched telephone networks, including an examination of trunks, exchanges, access systems, transmission systems, and other basic components. Next, the authors introduce signaling concepts, beginning with older Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) systems and progressing to today's Common Channel Signaling (CCS) systems. The book then examines packet networks and their use in transmitting voice (VoIP), TCP/IP protocols, VoIP signaling protocols, and ATM protocols. Throughout the book, the authors emphasize functionality, particularly the roles of individual protocols and how they fit in network architectures, helping readers grasp even the most complex network structures and signaling protocols. Highlights of the Second Edition include: Coverage of the latest developments and topics, including new chapters on access networks, intelligent network application part, signaling for voice communication in packet networks, and ATM signaling Drawings and tables that help readers understand and visualize complex systems Comprehensive, updated references for further study Examples to help readers make the bridge from theory to application With the continued growth and expansion of the telecommunications industry, the Second Edition is essential reading for telecommunications students as well as anyone involved in this dynamic industry needing a solid understanding of the different signaling systems and how they work. Moreover, the book helps readers wade through the voluminous and complex technical standards by providing the essential structure, terminology, and functionality needed to understand them. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: GSM Switching, Services and Protocols Jörg Eberspächer, Hans-Joerg Vögel, Christian Bettstetter, 2001-05-15 Since the publication of the first edition the number of GSM subscribers has exploded and it is now deployed in more than 140 countries worldwide. Revised and updated GSM Switching, Services and Protocols now features the abundant new services and applications that GSM can provide. By focusing on the fundamentals of the mobile radio systems, it provides an excellent introductory insight to the whole area of GSM cellular radio. By providing an easy-to-follow instructive text, this second edition will have insight appeal to telecommunication engineers, researchers, adn developers. The highly graphical approach and numerous illustrations will also make it an indispensable reference for senior undergraduates and postgraduates in electrical and computer engineering. Details the GSM phase 2+ services, including new data and speech services and service platforms, such as AMR, ASCI. CAMEL and EFR Features a brand new chapter on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Contains a completly revised and expanded chapter 'GSM - The story goes on' Presents new sections on Wireles s Application Protocol (WAP) and the migration to UMTS Includes expaned and updated chapters on Logical Channels and Channel Coding |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Principles of Broadband Switching and Networking Soung C. Liew, Tony T. Lee, 2010-03-02 An authoritative introduction to the roles of switching and transmission in broadband integrated services networks Principles of Broadband Switching and Networking explains the design and analysis of switch architectures suitable for broadband integrated services networks, emphasizing packet-switched interconnection networks with distributed routing algorithms. The text examines the mathematical properties of these networks, rather than specific implementation technologies. Although the pedagogical explanations in this book are in the context of switches, many of the fundamental principles are relevant to other communication networks with regular topologies. After explaining the concept of the modern broadband integrated services network and why it is necessary in today’s society, the book moves on to basic switch design principles, discussing two types of circuit switch design—space domain and time domain—and packet switch design. Throughput improvements are illustrated by some switch design variations such as Speedup principle, Channel-Grouping principle, Knockout principle, and Dilation principle. Moving seamlessly into advanced switch design principles, the book covers switch scalability, switch design for multicasting, and path switching. Then the focus moves to broadband communications networks that make use of such switches. Readers receive a detailed introduction on how to allocate network resources and control traffic to satisfy the quality of service requirements of network users and to maximize network usage. As an epilogue, the text shows how transmission noise and packet contention have similar characteristics and can be tamed by comparable means to achieve reliable communication. Principles of Broadband Switching and Networking is written for senior undergraduate and first-year postgraduate students with a solid background in probability theory. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Digital Communication Techniques Christian Gontrand, 2020-02-19 There have been considerable developments in information and communication technology. This has led to an increase in the number of applications available, as well as an increase in their variability. As such, it has become important to understand and master problems related to establishing radio links, the layout and flow of source data, the power available from antennas, the selectivity and sensitivity of receivers, etc. This book discusses digital modulations, their extensions and environment, as well as a few basic mathematical tools. An understanding of degree level mathematics or its equivalent is a prerequisite to reading this book. Digital Communication Techniques is aimed at licensed professionals, engineers, Masters students and researchers whose field is in related areas such as hardware, phase-locked loops, voltage-controlled oscillators or phase noise. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Broadband Packet Switching Technologies H. Jonathan Chao, Cheuk H. Lam, Eiji Oki, 2001-10-11 Complete and comprehensive coverage of packet switching concepts and technologies The rapid growth of Internet traffic has spurred a new concentration on IP routers and ATM, MPLS, and optical switches. This book addresses the basics, theory, architectures, and technologies for implementing ATM switches and IP routers. It focuses on the architecture for the next generation of broadband switches and routers and provides detailed treatment of both theoretical and practical topics for professionals and students alike. Broadband Packet Switching Technologies is written with engineers and industry researchers in mind. It describes the basic concepts and fundamentals of ATM switches and IP routers, then divides the switches into different categories. In each category, the authors discuss the operations, problems, strengths, and weaknesses of the switches in performance and implementation. Detailed solutions and algorithms are also provided. The authors also extend fundamental packet-switching concepts to wireless and fiber-optic networks. Broadband Packet Switching Technologies fills the need for a textbook and reference dedicated to high-speed networking technologies that serves the specific needs of professionals in the telecommunications industry and provides expert material for students in related fields. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: TRANSMISSION, SWITCHING and ROUTING in communication networks Lucian IOAN, Grazziela Niculescu, Marius Vochin, 2021-07-14 The telecommunications network is a global system of equipment and means that ensures the connections between the users of communication services, with the transmission and reception of the information involved. It is a set of communication nodes, in which processing procedures take place for the transmission and reception of information signals, switching connections and choosing routes between nodes to make connections between sources and destinations of communications, and a set of links between these nodes, made in a variety of technologies. This volume contains 5 chapters in which the different processes and types of systems within the telecommunications network are presented. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunications , 1991 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Concepts , 1982 Disseminates information concerning new developments and effective actions taken relative to the management of defense systems programs and defense systems acquisition. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook Ray Horak, 2012-11-19 For an accessible and comprehensive survey of telecommunications and data communications technologies and services, consult the Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook, which includes information on origins, evolution and meaningful contemporary applications. Find discussions of technologies set in context, with details on fiber optics, cellular radio, digital carrier systems, TCP/IP, and the Internet. Explore topics like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP); 802.16 & WiMAX; Passive Optical Network (PON); 802.11g & Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) in this easily accessible guide without the burden of technical jargon. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication David Tse, Pramod Viswanath, 2005-05-26 The past decade has seen many advances in physical layer wireless communication theory and their implementation in wireless systems. This textbook takes a unified view of the fundamentals of wireless communication and explains the web of concepts underpinning these advances at a level accessible to an audience with a basic background in probability and digital communication. Topics covered include MIMO (multi-input, multi-output) communication, space-time coding, opportunistic communication, OFDM and CDMA. The concepts are illustrated using many examples from real wireless systems such as GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), IS-856 (1 x EV-DO), Flash OFDM and UWB (ultra-wideband). Particular emphasis is placed on the interplay between concepts and their implementation in real systems. An abundant supply of exercises and figures reinforce the material in the text. This book is intended for use on graduate courses in electrical and computer engineering and will also be of great interest to practising engineers. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: The Worldwide History of Telecommunications Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003-07-31 The first comprehensive history of the Information Age... how we got there and where we are going The exchange of information is essential for both the organization of nature and the social life of mankind. Until recently, communication between people was more or less limited by geographic proximity. Today, thanks to ongoing innovations in telecommunications, we live in an Information Age where distance has ceased to be an obstacle to the sharing of ideas. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications is the first comprehensive history ever written on the subject, covering every aspect of telecommunications from a global perspective. In clear, easy-to-understand language, the author presents telecommunications as a uniquely human achievement, dependent on the contributions of many ingenious inventors, discoverers, physicists, and engineers over a period spanning more than two centuries. From the crude signaling methods employed in antiquity all the way to today’s digital era, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications features complete and fascinating coverage of the groundbreaking innovations that have served to make telecommunications the largest industry on earth, including: Optical telegraphy Electrical telegraphy via wires and cables Telephony and telephone switching Radio transmission technologies Cryptography Coaxial and optical fiber networks Telex and telefax Multimedia applications Broad in scope, yet clear and logical in its presentation, this groundbreaking book will serve as an invaluable resource for anyone involved or merely curious about the ever evolving field of telecommunications. AAP-PSP 2003 Award Winner for excellence in the discipline of the History of Science |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Understanding Telecommunications and Lightwave Systems John G. Nellist, 2004-03-24 The up-to-date edition of the bestselling guide to the basics of telecommunications and digital technology Understanding Telecommunications and Lightwave Systems presents a nontechnical treatment of how voice, video, and multimedia can simultaneously travel over today's evolving telecommunications systems. This updated Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of the telecommunications field as well as a detailed introduction to the latest lightwave technology. The author's examination of recent techniques and developing technologies in telecommunications includes: Third-generation cell phones with microbrowser capabilities Changes in the global PCS network Optical switching and transmission parameters Lightwave systems and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing A new chapter (Chapter 17: The Internet) that examines this multimedia structure and the network economy it has created Satellite communications, new transcontinental carriers, lightwave undersea systems, and other advances toward improving global communication Understanding Telecommunications and Lightwave Systems is the perfect introduction for anyone whose work requires a fundamental understanding of current developments in telecommunications, as well as for students or inquiring readers who want an overview of telecommunications and the exciting technology of lightwave communications. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference Goff Hill, 2012-07-26 Volume 2 of TERB 3ed covers the convergence of telephony and data transport, including wireless networks. Now that data is becoming the predominant source of traffic more efficient multiplexing schemes and more flexible control methods are needed in the transport network, such as giving the customer the ability to call for bandwidth on demand. With the development of control methods for switched data services it is now recognised that improved ways to control the transport network are possible and standards initiatives are taking place to establish and improve the network control layer. Detailed explanation of propagation in wireless and optical fibre systems requires a substantial amount of mathematics, also covered in this volume. For each of the math chapters there is an explanation of why the mathematics is important, where it is applied and references to other chapters. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Digital Telephony John Bellamy, 1982-01-22 An introduction to the new digital techniques of telephone communication networks, with emphasis on voice applications: voice digitization, digital transmission, digital switching, network synchronization, network control, and network analysis. Presents basic theory and stresses the application and operational aspects of communication systems design. Relates system level design considerations to telephone networks around the world, particularly in North America. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES-Volume II Paolo Bellavista, 2009-10-17 Telecommunication Systems and Technologies theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Telecommunication systems are emerging as the most important infrastructure asset to enable business, economic opportunities, information distribution, culture dissemination and cross-fertilization, and social relationships. As any crucial infrastructure, its design, exploitation, maintenance, and evolution require multi-faceted know-how and multi-disciplinary vision skills. The theme is structured in four main topics: Fundamentals of Communication and Telecommunication Networks; Telecommunication Technologies; Management of Telecommunication Systems/Services; Cross-Layer Organizational Aspects of Telecommunications, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Data and Computer Network Communication Shashi Banzal, 2007 |
| digital switching in telecommunication: China Telecom 2000: VoL. 3: Switching Market and Opportunities in China , |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Essentials of Modern Telecommunications Systems Nihal Kularatna, Dileeka Dias, 2004 In today's competitive and fast-changing telecom industry, most professionals find themselves in the difficult situation of having to sacrifice keeping on top of the latest technology because they are striving to meet another round of high-pressure deadlines. Essentials of Modern Telecommunications Systems offers you a solution to this problem, helping you quickly coming up to speed with the latest advances in your field. By cutting out arcane mathematics and management-speak jargon, it focuses on the essentials you need for rapidly understanding and mastering the latest implementation and development techniques. It provides the complete systems picture from semiconductors to end-to-end networking. |
| digital switching in telecommunication: TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES-Volume I Paolo Bellavista , 2009-10-17 Telecommunication Systems and Technologies theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Telecommunication systems are emerging as the most important infrastructure asset to enable business, economic opportunities, information distribution, culture dissemination and cross-fertilization, and social relationships. As any crucial infrastructure, its design, exploitation, maintenance, and evolution require multi-faceted know-how and multi-disciplinary vision skills. The theme is structured in four main topics: Fundamentals of Communication and Telecommunication Networks; Telecommunication Technologies; Management of Telecommunication Systems/Services; Cross-Layer Organizational Aspects of Telecommunications, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs |
| digital switching in telecommunication: Telecommunication Policy Act United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, 1990 |
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