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| define concentration gradient: Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics Dongqing Li, 2008-08-06 Covering all aspects of transport phenomena on the nano- and micro-scale, this encyclopedia features over 750 entries in three alphabetically-arranged volumes including the most up-to-date research, insights, and applied techniques across all areas. Coverage includes electrical double-layers, optofluidics, DNC lab-on-a-chip, nanosensors, and more. |
| define concentration gradient: Encyclopedia of Astrobiology Ricardo Amils, Muriel Gargaud, José Cernicharo Quintanilla, Henderson James Cleaves, William M. Irvine, Daniele Pinti, Michel Viso, 2021-01-14 The interdisciplinary field of Astrobiology constitutes a joint arena where provocative discoveries are coalescing concerning, e.g. the prevalence of exoplanets, the diversity and hardiness of life, and its increasingly likely chances for its emergence. Biologists, astrophysicists, biochemists, geoscientists and space scientists share this exciting mission of revealing the origin and commonality of life in the Universe. The members of the different disciplines are used to their own terminology and technical language. In the interdisciplinary environment many terms either have redundant meanings or are completely unfamiliar to members of other disciplines. The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology serves as the key to a common understanding. Each new or experienced researcher and graduate student in adjacent fields of astrobiology will appreciate this reference work in the quest to understand the big picture. The carefully selected group of active researchers contributing to this work and the expert field editors intend for their contributions, from an internationally comprehensive perspective, to accelerate the interdisciplinary advance of astrobiology. |
| define concentration gradient: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| define concentration gradient: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| define concentration gradient: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| define concentration gradient: The Core Concepts of Physiology Joel Michael, William Cliff, Jenny McFarland, Harold Modell, Ann Wright, 2017-02-20 This book offers physiology teachers a new approach to teaching their subject that will lead to increased student understanding and retention of the most important ideas. By integrating the core concepts of physiology into individual courses and across the entire curriculum, it provides students with tools that will help them learn more easily and fully understand the physiology content they are asked to learn. The authors present examples of how the core concepts can be used to teach individual topics, design learning resources, assess student understanding, and structure a physiology curriculum. |
| define concentration gradient: Comparative Biomechanics Steven Vogel, 2013-06-17 The classic textbook on comparative biomechanics—revised and expanded Why do you switch from walking to running at a specific speed? Why do tall trees rarely blow over in high winds? And why does a spore ejected into air at seventy miles per hour travel only a fraction of an inch? Comparative Biomechanics is the first and only textbook that takes a comprehensive look at the mechanical aspects of life—covering animals and plants, structure and movement, and solids and fluids. An ideal entry point into the ways living creatures interact with their immediate physical world, this revised and updated edition examines how the forms and activities of animals and plants reflect the materials available to nature, considers rules for fluid flow and structural design, and explores how organisms contend with environmental forces. Drawing on physics and mechanical engineering, Steven Vogel looks at how animals swim and fly, modes of terrestrial locomotion, organism responses to winds and water currents, circulatory and suspension-feeding systems, and the relationship between size and mechanical design. He also investigates links between the properties of biological materials—such as spider silk, jellyfish jelly, and muscle—and their structural and functional roles. Early chapters and appendices introduce relevant physical variables for quantification, and problem sets are provided at the end of each chapter. Comparative Biomechanics is useful for physical scientists and engineers seeking a guide to state-of-the-art biomechanics. For a wider audience, the textbook establishes the basic biological context for applied areas—including ergonomics, orthopedics, mechanical prosthetics, kinesiology, sports medicine, and biomimetics—and provides materials for exhibit designers at science museums. Problem sets at the ends of chapters Appendices cover basic background information Updated and expanded documentation and materials Revised figures and text Increased coverage of friction, viscoelastic materials, surface tension, diverse modes of locomotion, and biomimetics |
| define concentration gradient: Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces W. Ronald Fawcett, 2004-07-01 Fifty years ago solution chemistry occupied a major fraction of physical chemistry textbooks, and dealt mainly with classical thermodynamics, phase equilibria, and non-equilibrium phenomena, especially those related to electrochemistry. Much has happened in the intervening period, with tremendous advances in theory and the development of important new experimental techniques. This book brings the reader through the developments from classical macroscopic descriptions to more modern microscopic details. |
| define concentration gradient: Anatomy & Physiology Lindsay Biga, Devon Quick, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Jon Runyeon, 2019-09-26 A version of the OpenStax text |
| define concentration gradient: Adsorption and Diffusion Hellmut G. Karge, Jens Weitkamp, 2008-06-17 Molecular Sieves - Science and Technology covers, in a comprehensive manner, the science and technology of zeolites and all related microporous and mesoporous materials. Authored by renowned experts, the contributions to this handbook-like series are grouped together topically in such a way that each volume deals with a specific sub-field. Volume 7 is treating fundamentals and analyses of adsorption and diffusion in zeolites including single-file diffusion, i.e. phenomena of basic importance, especially with respect to separation processes and catalysis. Various methods of measuring adsorption and diffusion are described and discussed, i.e. techniques such as chromatographic, gravimetric and barometric uptake and desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, interference microscopy, neutron scattering, frequency response as well as proton profiling. |
| define concentration gradient: Physical Chemistry Of Biopolymer Solutions,the: Application Of Physical Techniques To The Study Of Proteins & Nuclei Acids Louise C Garone, Robert F Steiner, 1991-04-30 The book is concerned with the application of physical techniques to the study of the structure and interactions of biopolymers. The treatment is confined to those procedures applicable to solutions. The material has been tested on students in actual classes, thereby permitting the elimination of ambiguities and potential points of difficulty. Stress has been placed upon lucidity of treatment, and difficult steps in derivations have been explained. The mathematical exposition has been made as clear and simple as feasible. Examples of actual data are given. |
| define concentration gradient: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Andrei I. Ivanov, 2008 In this book, skilled experts provide the most up-to-date, step-by-step laboratory protocols for examining molecular machinery and biological functions of exocytosis and endocytosis in vitro and in vivo. The book is insightful to both newcomers and seasoned professionals. It offers a unique and highly practical guide to versatile laboratory tools developed to study various aspects of intracellular vesicle trafficking in simple model systems and living organisms. |
| define concentration gradient: Principles and Modern Applications of Mass Transfer Operations Jaime Benitez, 2011-09-20 A problem-solving approach that helps students master new material and put their knowledge into practice The Second Edition of the acclaimed Principles and Modern Applications of Mass Transfer Operations continues to provide a thorough, accessible text that gives students the support and the tools they need to quickly move from theory to application. This latest edition has been thoroughly revised and updated with new discussions of such developing topics as membrane separations, ion exchange, multistage batch distillation, and chromatography and other adsorptive processes. Moreover, the Second Edition now covers mass transfer phenomena in biological systems, making the text appropriate for students in biochemical engineering as well as chemical engineering. Complementing the author's clear discussions are several features that help students quickly master new material and put their knowledge into practice, including: Twenty-five to thirty problems at the end of each chapter that enable students to use their newfound knowledge to solve problems Examples and problems that help students become proficient working with Mathcad Figures and diagrams that illustrate and clarify complex concepts and processes References facilitating further in-depth research into particular topics Ten appendices filled with helpful data and reference materials Ideal for a first course in mass transfer operations, this text has proven to be invaluable to students in chemical and environmental engineering as well as researchers and university faculty. |
| define concentration gradient: Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders, Second Edition Richard D. Andreatta, 2022-10-13 Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders, Second Edition is a comprehensive textbook primarily designed for undergraduate neural bases or graduate neuroscience courses in communication sciences and disorders programs (CSD). The text can also be used as an accessible go-to reference for speech-language pathology and audiology clinical professionals practicing in medical and rehab settings. Written with an engaging and conversational style, the author uses humor and analogies to explain concepts that are often challenging for students. Complemented by more than 400 visually rich and beautifully drawn full-color illustrations, the book emphasizes brain and behavior relationships while also ensuring coverage of essential neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in an integrative fashion. With a comprehensive background in the principles, processes, and structures underlying the workings of the human nervous system, students and practitioners alike will be able to better understand and apply brain-behavior relationships to make appropriate clinical assessments and treatment decisions. Extending well beyond traditional neuroanatomy-based textbooks, this resource is designed to satisfy three major goals: Provide neuroanatomical and neurophysiological detail that meets the real-world needs of the contemporary CSD student as they move forward toward clinical practice and into the future where advancements in the field of health and brain sciences are accelerating and contributing more and more each day to all areas of rehabilitation. Provide clear, understandable explanations and intuitive material that explains how and why neuroanatomical systems, processes, and mechanisms of the nervous system operate as they do during human behavior. Provide a depth and scope of material that will allow the reader to better understand and appreciate a wide range of evidence-based literature related to behavior, cognition, emotion, language, and sensory perception—areas that all directly impact treatment decisions. New to the Second Edition: * 40 new full-color illustrations * Reorganization and division of content from Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of the previous edition, into six new and more digestible chapters * A new standalone chapter on the cranial nerves * Addition of a major section and discussion on the neural bases of swallowing * Addition of more summary tables and process flowcharts to simplify the text and provide ready-made study materials for students * Revisions to most figures to improve their clarity and coherence with the written material Disclaimer: Please note that ancillary content (such as documents, audio, and video, etc.) may not be included as published in the original print version of this book. |
| define concentration gradient: Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Anthony Robert Philpotts, Jay J. Ague, 2009-01-29 A textbook providing a quantitative approach to the petrologic principles of igneous and metamorphic rocks in a new edition. |
| define concentration gradient: Modelling and Simulation in the Science of Micro- and Meso-Porous Materials C.Richard A. Catlow, Veronique Van Speybroeck, Rutger van Santen, 2017-09-20 Modelling and Simulation in the Science of Micro- and Meso-Porous Materials addresses significant developments in the field of micro- and meso-porous science. The book includes sections on Structure Modeling and Prediction, Synthesis, Nucleation and Growth, Sorption and Separation processes, Reactivity and Catalysis, and Fundamental Developments in Methodology to give a complete overview of the techniques currently utilized in this rapidly advancing field. It thoroughly addresses the major challenges in the field of microporous materials, including the crystallization mechanism of porous materials and rational synthesis of porous materials with controllable porous structures and compositions. New applications in emerging areas are also covered, including biomass conversion, C1 chemistry, and CO2 capture. - Authored and edited by experts in the field of micro- and meso-porous materials - Includes introductory material and background both on the science of microporous materials and on the techniques employed in contemporary modeling studies - Rigorous enough for scientists conducting related research, but also accessible to graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science |
| define concentration gradient: Membrane Computing Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom, Gheorghe Paun, Grzegorz Rozenberg, Arto Salomaa, 2007-01-25 This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed extended post-proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Membrane Computing, WMC 2006, held in Leiden, Netherlands in July 2006. The papers in this volume cover all the main directions of research in membrane computing, ranging from theoretical topics in mathematics and computer science, to application issues. Special attention was paid to the interaction of membrane computing with biology. |
| define concentration gradient: Introduction to Biomedical Engineering John Enderle, Joseph Bronzino, Susan M. Blanchard, 2005-04-06 New, revised edition of the most comprehensive book for bioengineering students and professionals. -- Prové de l'editor. |
| define concentration gradient: O-level Science-Biology Critical Guide (Yellowreef) Thomas Bond, Chris Hughes, 2013-12-10 • in-depth explanation of key concepts • critical for exam preparations • holistic question answering techniques • exact definitions • complete edition eBook only |
| define concentration gradient: Dynamic Biological Organization Miguel A. Aon, S. Cortassa, 2012-12-06 Dynamic Biological Organization is a fascinating account of the living organisms as dynamic systems, based on the concept that the spatio-temporal coherence of events within a living system result from the intrinsic dynamics of the processes taking place within that sysem. The authors of this important work, Miguel Aon and Sonia Cortassa have travelled widely to work in some of the leading research laboratories to accumulate a large information base on which to assemble this book. Taking a transdisciplinary approach, the authors draw on work at the interface of biochemistry, genetics, physiology, thermodynamics, kinetics and biomathematics, using mathematical models throughout to corroborate and analyze the biological complexity presented. Emphasizing biological processes occuring at the cellular level. Dynamic Biological Organization gives exciting insights into the experimental and theoretical applications of modern scientific paradigms to fundamental biological processes. |
| define concentration gradient: Stantec's Water Treatment John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe, George Tchobanoglous, 2022-11-08 The updated third edition of the definitive guide to water treatment engineering, now with all-new online content Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design provides comprehensive coverage of the principles, theory, and practice of water treatment engineering. Written by world-renowned experts in the field of public water supply, this authoritative volume covers all key aspects of water treatment engineering, including plant design, water chemistry and microbiology, water filtration and disinfection, residuals management, internal corrosion of water conduits, regulatory requirements, and more. The updated third edition of this industry-standard reference includes an entirely new chapter on potable reuse, the recycling of treated wastewater into the water supply using engineered advanced treatment technologies. QR codes embedded throughout the book connect the reader to online resources, including case studies and high-quality photographs and videos of real-world water treatment facilities. This edition provides instructors with access to additional resources via a companion website. Contains in-depth chapters on processes such as coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, ion exchange, adsorption, and gas transfer Details membrane filtration technologies, advanced oxidation, and potable reuse Addresses ongoing environmental concerns, pharmacological agents in the water supply, and treatment strategies Describes reverse osmosis applications for brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other water sources Includes high-quality images and illustrations, useful appendices, tables of chemical properties and design data, and more than 450 exercises with worked solutions Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Updated Third Edition remains an indispensable resource for engineers designing or operating water treatment plants, and is an essential textbook for students of civil, environmental, and water resources engineering. |
| define concentration gradient: The Molecules of Life John Kuriyan, Boyana Konforti, David Wemmer, 2012-07-25 The field of biochemistry is entering an exciting era in which genomic information is being integrated into molecular-level descriptions of the physical processes that make life possible. The Molecules of Life is a new textbook that provides an integrated physical and biochemical foundation for undergraduate students majoring in biology or health s |
| define concentration gradient: Fundamentals of Soft Matter Science Linda S. Hirst, 2019-08-09 This revised edition continues to provide the most approachable introduction to the structure, characteristics, and everyday applications of soft matter. It begins with a substantially revised overview of the underlying physics and chemistry common to soft materials. Subsequent chapters comprehensively address the different classes of soft materials, from liquid crystals to surfactants, polymers, colloids, and biomaterials, with vivid, full-color illustrations throughout. There are new worked examples throughout, new problems, some deeper mathematical treatment, and new sections on key topics such as diffusion, active matter, liquid crystal defects, surfactant phases and more. • Introduces the science of soft materials, experimental methods used in their study, and wide-ranging applications in everyday life. • Provides brand new worked examples throughout, in addition to expanded chapter problem sets and an updated glossary. • Includes expanded mathematical content and substantially revised introductory chapters. This book will provide a comprehensive introductory resource to both undergraduate and graduate students discovering soft materials for the first time and is aimed at students with an introductory college background in physics, chemistry or materials science. |
| define concentration gradient: Advanced Biology Michael Kent, 2000-07-06 Written by an experienced teacher of students, this book aims to motivate A-Level students. Questions are presented in two styles, 'Quick Check' and 'Food for Thought', to give opportunities to practise both recall and analytical skills. It includes colour illustrations and graduated questions to practise recall and analytical skills. |
| define concentration gradient: Biology 'O' Level Guide , |
| define concentration gradient: Liquid Membranes Vladimir S Kislik, 2009-08-31 Liquid Membranes: Principles and Applications in Chemical Separations and Wastewater Treatment discusses the principles and applications of the liquid membrane (LM) separation processes in organic and inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biomedical engineering, gas separation, and wastewater treatment. It presents updated, useful, and systematized information on new LM separation technologies, along with new developments in the field. It provides an overview of LMs and LM processes, and it examines the mechanisms and kinetics of carrier-facilitated transport through LMs. It also discusses active transport, driven by oxidation-reduction, catalytic, and bioconversion reactions on the LM interfaces; modifications of supported LMs; bulk aqueous hybrid LM processes with water-soluble carriers; emulsion LMs and their applications; and progress in LM science and engineering. This book will be of value to students and young researchers who are new to separation science and technology, as well as to scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of separation technologies, LM separations, and membrane reactors. - Provides comprehensive knowledge-based information on the principles and applications of a variety of liquid membrane separation processes - Contains a critical analysis of new technologies published in the last 15 years |
| define concentration gradient: An Invitation to Applied Mathematics Carmen Chicone, 2016-09-24 An Invitation to Applied Mathematics: Differential Equations, Modeling, and Computation introduces the reader to the methodology of modern applied mathematics in modeling, analysis, and scientific computing with emphasis on the use of ordinary and partial differential equations. Each topic is introduced with an attractive physical problem, where a mathematical model is constructed using physical and constitutive laws arising from the conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, or Maxwell's electrodynamics. Relevant mathematical analysis (which might employ vector calculus, Fourier series, nonlinear ODEs, bifurcation theory, perturbation theory, potential theory, control theory, or probability theory) or scientific computing (which might include Newton's method, the method of lines, finite differences, finite elements, finite volumes, boundary elements, projection methods, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, or Lagrangian methods) is developed in context and used to make physically significant predictions. The target audience is advanced undergraduates (who have at least a working knowledge of vector calculus and linear ordinary differential equations) or beginning graduate students. Readers will gain a solid and exciting introduction to modeling, mathematical analysis, and computation that provides the key ideas and skills needed to enter the wider world of modern applied mathematics. - Presents an integrated wealth of modeling, analysis, and numerical methods in one volume - Provides practical and comprehensible introductions to complex subjects, for example, conservation laws, CFD, SPH, BEM, and FEM - Includes a rich set of applications, with more appealing problems and projects suggested |
| define concentration gradient: Diffusion in Solids Martin Eden Glicksman, 2022-09-14 This book offers a modern treatment of diffusion in solids, covering such core topics as the transport of mass through the lattice of a crystalline solid. Part I of the book develops basic concepts in diffusion field theory and illustrates them with several applications, while Part II focuses on key solid-state principles needed to apply diffusion theory to real materials. |
| define concentration gradient: Understanding Animal Functions Ekaaksh Deshpande, 2025-01-03 The illustrations in this book are created by “Team Educohack”. Understanding Animal Functions is an engaging and comprehensive textbook that incorporates major paradigms of animal physiology. This book is a harmonious blend of accurate information and clear explanations, slightly biased towards mammals, but also shining a light on other vertebrates and invertebrates like molluscs and arthropods. We follow a time-honored approach to bookmaking, ensuring pedagogical relevance. This textbook aligns with the academic curricula of various institutions and is targeted at graduate and undergraduate students and their instructors. The content integrates animal physiology with disciplines such as ecology, genetics, and evolutionary and molecular biology. We emphasize the importance of physiology in an animal’s life, discussing developments and processes like migration, endogenous rhythms, and adaptations to extreme conditions. The book excludes parasitism and pathological aspects to focus on these core topics. With its engaging narrative and illustrative visuals, Understanding Animal Functions enhances the learning experience, making complex concepts accessible and interesting. |
| define concentration gradient: Perspectives in Materials Research National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Perspectives in Materials Research, 1963 |
| define concentration gradient: Quantitative Human Physiology Joseph J Feher, 2017-01-02 Quantitative Human Physiology: An Introduction, winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty), is the first text to meet the needs of the undergraduate bioengineering student who is being exposed to physiology for the first time, but requires a more analytical/quantitative approach. This book explores how component behavior produces system behavior in physiological systems. Through text explanation, figures, and equations, it provides the engineering student with a basic understanding of physiological principles with an emphasis on quantitative aspects. - Winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (College) (Texty) from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association - Features a quantitative approach that includes physical and chemical principles - Provides a more integrated approach from first principles, integrating anatomy, molecular biology, biochemistry and physiology - Includes clinical applications relevant to the biomedical engineering student (TENS, cochlear implants, blood substitutes, etc.) - Integrates labs and problem sets to provide opportunities for practice and assessment throughout the course NEW FOR THE SECOND EDITION - Expansion of many sections to include relevant information - Addition of many new figures and re-drawing of other figures to update understanding and clarify difficult areas - Substantial updating of the text to reflect newer research results - Addition of several new appendices including statistics, nomenclature of transport carriers, and structural biology of important items such as the neuromuscular junction and calcium release unit - Addition of new problems within the problem sets - Addition of commentary to power point presentations |
| define concentration gradient: Chemical Calculations Paul Yates, 1997-06-05 Chemical Calculations provides an introduction to the mathematics required for physical chemistry courses. This book is unique in that it provides a gentle introduction with a chemistry centered - rather than math centered - approach. Written by a chemist for undergraduate students, it imparts an understanding of the subject from a chemist's viewpoint using examples from real chemistry. It includes illustrations that show exactly how to use calculators to work problems and examples of important chemical problems with fully worked solutions. This book is an ideal companion throughout a chemistry course that can be consulted when required, and used to keep one step ahead of the lecture. |
| define concentration gradient: Code of Federal Regulations , 2017 Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect ... with ancillaries. |
| define concentration gradient: 2018 CFR Annual Print Title 40 Protection of Environment - Parts 50 to 51 Office of The Federal Register, 2018-07-01 Title 40 Protection of Environment - Parts 50 to 51 |
| define concentration gradient: Adsorption: Science and Technology A.E. Rodrigues, M. Douglas LeVan, Daniel Tondeur, 2012-12-06 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Vimeiro, Portugal, July 17-29, 1988 |
| define concentration gradient: APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY B. SOMANATHAN NAIR, S. R. DEEPA, 2008-07-11 Designed as a textbook for the students of electronics and communi-cation engineering, and electrical and electronics engineering, it covers the subject of electromagnetism with a clear exposition of the theory in association with the practical applications. The text explains the physical and mathematical aspects of the highly complicated electromagnetic theory in a very simple manner. The book begins with a introductory chapter on vector theory and then moves on to explain the effectiveness of Ampere’s circuital law and Biot-Savart’s law in dealing with magnetostatic problems, derivation of Maxwell’s field equations from the fundamental laws of Faraday and Ampere, free-space solutions of wave equations, and the theory of skin effect. Finally, it concludes with the applications of Smith chart in solving transmission line problems and the theory of rectangular and circular waveguides. Key Features Large number of solved examples and chapter-end problems Appendices to give the solutions of wave equations in waveguides Three-dimensional figures to illustrate theories Generalized solution of Maxwell’s equations Besides undergraduate students of engineering, it would be useful for the postgraduate students of physics. |
| define concentration gradient: Cell Biology by the Numbers Ron Milo, Rob Phillips, 2016 Very little in our human experience is truly comparable to the immensely crowded and bustling interior of a cell. Biological numeracy provides a new kind of understanding of the cellular world. This book brings together up-to-date quantitative data from the vast biological literature and uses the powerful tool of back of the envelope estimates to reveal fresh perspectives and insights from numbers commonly encountered in cell biology. Readers gain a feeling for the sizes, concentrations, energies, and rates that characterize the lives of cells - thereby shedding new light on the microscopic realm. -- Publisher's description |
| define concentration gradient: Engineering Heat Transfer M. M. Rathore, R. Kapuno, 2010-06-30 Intended as a textbook for undergraduate courses in heat transfer for students of mechanical, chemical, aeronautical, and metallurgical engineering, or as a reference for professionals in industry, this book emphasizes the clear understanding of theoretical concepts followed by practical applications. Treating each subject analytically and then numerically, it provides step-by-step solutions of numerical problems through the use of systematic procedures by a prescribed format. With more than a million users in industry, MATLAB is the most popular computing programming language among engineers. This Second Edition has been updated to include discussions on how to develop programs that solve heat transfer problems using MATLAB, which allows the student to rapidly develop programs that involve complex numerical and engineering heat transfer computations. |
| define concentration gradient: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineering Mathieu Mory, 2013-03-01 The book aims at providing to master and PhD students the basic knowledge in fluid mechanics for chemical engineers. Applications to mixing and reaction and to mechanical separation processes are addressed. The first part of the book presents the principles of fluid mechanics used by chemical engineers, with a focus on global theorems for describing the behavior of hydraulic systems. The second part deals with turbulence and its application for stirring, mixing and chemical reaction. The third part addresses mechanical separation processes by considering the dynamics of particles in a flow and the processes of filtration, fluidization and centrifugation. The mechanics of granular media is finally discussed. |
| define concentration gradient: Solid State Proton Conductors Philippe Knauth, Maria Luisa Di Vona, 2012-01-30 Proton conduction can be found in many different solid materials, from organic polymers at room temperature to inorganic oxides at high temperature. Solid state proton conductors are of central interest for many technological innovations, including hydrogen and humidity sensors, membranes for water electrolyzers and, most importantly, for high-efficiency electrochemical energy conversion in fuel cells. Focusing on fundamentals and physico-chemical properties of solid state proton conductors, topics covered include: Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids Diffusion in Solid Proton Conductors by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Structure and Diffusivity by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers Ab initio Modeling of Transport and Structure Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Proton-Conducting Aromatic Polymers Inorganic Solid Proton Conductors Uniquely combining both organic (polymeric) and inorganic proton conductors, Solid State Proton Conductors: Properties and Applications in Fuel Cells provides a complete treatment of research on proton-conducting materials. |
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