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| chemical tree: The NLM Technical Bulletin , 1995 |
| chemical tree: Fine Chemicals Manufacture A. Cybulski, 2001 The sector of fine chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes and pigments, fragrances and flavours, intermediates, and performance chemicals is growing fast. For obvious reasons chemistry is a key to the success in developing new processes for fine chemicals. However, as a rule, chemists formulate results of their work as recipes, which usually lack important information for process development. Fine Chemicals Manufacture, Technology and Engineering is intended to show what is needed to make the recipe more useful for process development purposes and to transform the recipe into an industrial process that will be safe, environmentally friendly, and profitable.The goal of this book is to form a bridge between chemists and specialists of all other branches involved in the scale-up of new processes or modification of existing processes with both a minimum effort and risk and maximum profit when commercializing the process. New techniques for scale-up and optimization of existing processes and improvements in the utilization of process equipment that have been developed in recent years are presented in the book. |
| chemical tree: The Little Book of Trees Herman Shugart, Peter White, 2024-04-02 A charming, richly illustrated, pocket-size exploration of the world’s trees Packed with surprising facts, this delightful and gorgeously designed book will beguile any nature lover. Expertly written and beautifully illustrated throughout with color photographs and original color artwork, The Little Book of Trees is an accessible and enjoyable mini-reference about the world’s trees, with examples drawn from across the globe. It fits an astonishing amount of information in a small package, covering a wide range of topics—from tree anatomy, diversity, and architecture to habitat and conservation. It also includes curious facts and a section on trees in myths, folklore, and modern culture from around the world. The result is an irresistible guide to the amazing lives of trees. A beautifully designed pocket-size book with a foil-stamped cloth cover Features some 140 color illustrations and photos Makes a perfect gift |
| chemical tree: Green Chemistry and Engineering Concepción Jiménez-González, David J. C. Constable, 2011-04-12 The past, present, and future of green chemistry and green engineering From college campuses to corporations, the past decade witnessed a rapidly growing interest in understanding sustainable chemistry and engineering. Green Chemistry and Engineering: A Practical Design Approach integrates the two disciplines into a single study tool for students and a practical guide for working chemists and engineers. In Green Chemistry and Engineering, the authors—each highly experienced in implementing green chemistry and engineering programs in industrial settings—provide the bottom-line thinking required to not only bring sustainable chemistry and engineering closer together, but to also move business towards more sustainable practices and products. Detailing an integrated, systems-oriented approach that bridges both chemical syntheses and manufacturing processes, this invaluable reference covers: Green chemistry and green engineering in the movement towards sustainability Designing greener, safer chemical synthesis Designing greener, safer chemical manufacturing processes Looking beyond current processes to a lifecycle thinking perspective Trends in chemical processing that may lead to more sustainable practices The authors also provide real-world examples and exercises to promote further thought and discussion. The EPA defines green chemistry as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green engineering is described as the design, commercialization, and use of products and processes that are feasible and economical while minimizing both the generation of pollution at the source and the risk to human health and the environment. While there is no shortage of books on either discipline, Green Chemistry and Engineering is the first to truly integrate the two. |
| chemical tree: Handbook of Metaheuristics Fred W. Glover, Gary A. Kochenberger, 2006-04-11 Metaheuristics, in their original definition, are solution methods that orchestrate an interaction between local improvement procedures and higher level strategies to create a process capable of escaping from local optima and performing a robust search of a solution space. Over time, these methods have also come to include any procedures that employ strategies for overcoming the trap of local optimality in complex solution spaces, especially those procedures that utilize one or more neighborhood structures as a means of defining admissible moves to transition from one solution to another, or to build or destroy solutions in constructive and destructive processes. The degree to which neighborhoods are exploited varies according to the type of procedure. In the case of certain population-based procedures, such as genetic al- rithms, neighborhoods are implicitly (and somewhat restrictively) defined by reference to replacing components of one solution with those of another, by variously chosen rules of exchange popularly given the name of “crossover. ” In other population-based methods, based on the notion of path relinking, neighborhood structures are used in their full generality, including constructive and destructive neighborhoods as well as those for transitioning between (complete) solutions. Certain hybrids of classical evoluti- ary approaches, which link them with local search, also use neighborhood structures more fully, though apart from the combination process itself. |
| chemical tree: Advances and Trends in Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Practices Hamido Fujita, Ali Selamat, Jerry Chun-Wei Lin, Moonis Ali, 2021-07-19 This two-volume set of LNAI 12798 and 12799 constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems, IEA/AIE 2021, held virtually and in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in July 2021. The 87 full papers and 19 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 145 submissions. The IEA/AIE 2021 conference will continue the tradition of emphasizing on applications of applied intelligent systems to solve real-life problems in all areas. These areas include the following: Part I, Artificial Intelligence Practices: Knowledge discovery and pattern mining; artificial intelligence and machine learning; sematic, topology, and ontology models; medical and health-related applications; graphic and social network analysis; signal and bioinformatics processing; evolutionary computation; attack security; natural language and text processing; fuzzy inference and theory; and sensor and communication networks Part II, From Theory to Practice: Prediction and recommendation; data management, clustering and classification; robotics; knowledge based and decision support systems; multimedia applications; innovative applications of intelligent systems; CPS and industrial applications; defect, anomaly and intrusion detection; financial and supply chain applications; Bayesian networks; BigData and time series processing; and information retrieval and relation extraction |
| chemical tree: Computational Chemistry: Reviews Of Current Trends, Vol. 1 Nicholas Bodor, Jiri Sponer, Eric Schwegler, Jean-louis Rivail, Daniel Rinaldi, Paul G Mezey, Jerzy Leszczynski, Boggavarapu Kiran, Uzi Kaldor, Eluvathingal D Jemmis, Ming-ju Huang, Pavel Hobza, Matt Challacombe, Yasuyuki Ishikawa, 1996-02-16 This book presents an overview of recent progress in computational techniques as well as examples of the application of existing computational methods in different areas of chemistry, physics, and biochemistry. Introductory chapters cover a broad range of fundamental topics, including: state-of-the-art basis set expansion methods for computing atomic and molecular electronic structures based on the use of relativistic quantum mechanics; the most recent developments in Hartree-Fock methods, particularly in techniques suited for very large systems; the current analysis of the solute-solvent free energy of interaction and the physical bases used to evaluate the electrostatic, cavitation, and dispersion terms; an introduction to the additive fuzzy electron density fragmentation scheme within various ab initio Hartree-Fock quantum-chemical computational schemes, which has provided the means for generating representative molecular fragment densities characteristic to their local environment within a molecule. This book also features a review of recent ab initio calculations on the structure and interactions of DNA bases, a chapter on computational approaches to the design of safer drugs and their molecular properties, and a systematic conceptual study on a route which allows one to stuff fullerenes. |
| chemical tree: Chemical Processing Handbook John J. McKetta Jr, 1993-04-30 Written by more than 40 world renowned authorities in the field, this reference presents information on plant design, significant chemical reactions, and processing operations in industrial use - offering shortcut calculation methods wherever possible. |
| chemical tree: Fuzzy Information and Engineering and Decision Bing-Yuan Cao, 2017-09-15 This book introduces applications of mathematics and fuzzy mathematics in decision science, fuzzy geometric programming and fuzzy optimization as well as operations research and management, based on 44 research papers presented at three successful conferences: (1) The International Conference on Mathematics and Decision Science (ICMDS), September 12–15, 2016, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China (www.icodm2020.com). (2) Academic Conference on 30th Anniversary of Fuzzy Geometric Programming Advanced by Professor Cao Bingyuan and his 40 education years (ACFGPACE), July 30 to August 1, 2016, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China. (3) The third annual meeting of Guangdong Operational Research Society (TAMGORS), October 22–23, 2016, Foshan University, Guangdong, China. The book is a valuable resource for students, graduates, teachers and other professionals in the field of applied mathematics, artificial intelligence and computers, fuzzy systems and dec ision-making, as well as operations research and management. |
| chemical tree: From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical Chemistry Mary Jo Nye, 1994-03-01 How did chemistry and physics acquire their separate identities, and are they on their way to losing them again? Mary Jo Nye has written a graceful account of the historical demarcation of chemistry from physics and subsequent reconvergences of the two, from Lavoisier and Dalton in the late eighteenth century to Robinson, Ingold, and Pauling in the mid-twentieth century. Using the notion of a disciplinary identity analogous to ethnic or national identity, Nye develops a theory of the nature of disciplinary structure and change. She discusses the distinctive character of chemical language and theories and the role of national styles and traditions in building a scientific discipline. Anyone interested in the history of scientific thought will enjoy pondering with her the question of whether chemists of the mid-twentieth century suspected chemical explanation had been reduced to physical laws, just as Newtonian mechanical philosophers had envisioned in the eighteenth century. |
| chemical tree: Tariff Readjustment--1929 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1929 |
| chemical tree: Recent Trends in Combinatorics Andrew Beveridge, Jerrold R. Griggs, Leslie Hogben, Gregg Musiker, Prasad Tetali, 2016-04-12 This volume presents some of the research topics discussed at the 2014-2015 Annual Thematic Program Discrete Structures: Analysis and Applications at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications during Fall 2014, when combinatorics was the focus. Leading experts have written surveys of research problems, making state of the art results more conveniently and widely available. The three-part structure of the volume reflects the three workshops held during Fall 2014. In the first part, topics on extremal and probabilistic combinatorics are presented; part two focuses on additive and analytic combinatorics; and part three presents topics in geometric and enumerative combinatorics. This book will be of use to those who research combinatorics directly or apply combinatorial methods to other fields. |
| chemical tree: A History of Modern Chemistry Noboru Hirota, 2016 This publication is a translation of the book entitles Gendai Kagakusi (A History of Modern Chemistry) published by Kyoto University Press in 2013. |
| chemical tree: Philosophical Chemistry Manuel DeLanda, 2015-05-21 Philosophical Chemistry furthers Manuel DeLanda's revolutionary intervention in the philosophy of science and science studies. Against a monadic and totalizing understanding of science, DeLanda's historicizing investigation traces the centrality of divergence, specialization and hybridization through the fields and subfields of chemistry. The strategy followed uses a series of chemical textbooks, separated from each other by fifty year periods (1750, 1800, 1850, and 1900), to follow the historical formation of consensus practices. The three chapters deal with one subfield of chemistry in the century in which it was developed: eighteenth-century inorganic chemistry, nineteenth-century organic chemistry, and nineteenth-century physical chemistry. This book creates a model of a scientific field capable of accommodating the variation and differentiation evident in the history of scientific practice. DeLanda proposes a model that is made of three components: a domain of phenomena, a community of practitioners, and a set of instruments and techniques connecting the community to the domain. Philosophical Chemistry will be essential reading for those engaged in emergent, radical and contemporary strands of thought in the philosophy of science and for those scholars and students who strive to practice a productive dialogue between the two disciplines. |
| chemical tree: Mathematical Foundations and Applications of Graph Entropy Matthias Dehmer, Frank Emmert-Streib, Zengqiang Chen, Xueliang Li, Yongtang Shi, 2017-09-12 This latest addition to the successful Network Biology series presents current methods for determining the entropy of networks, making it the first to cover the recently established Quantitative Graph Theory. An excellent international team of editors and contributors provides an up-to-date outlook for the field, covering a broad range of graph entropy-related concepts and methods. The topics range from analyzing mathematical properties of methods right up to applying them in real-life areas. Filling a gap in the contemporary literature this is an invaluable reference for a number of disciplines, including mathematicians, computer scientists, computational biologists, and structural chemists. |
| chemical tree: Soft Computing Approaches in Chemistry Hugh M. Cartwright, Les M. Sztandera, 2012-12-06 The contributions to this book cover a wide range of applications of Soft Computing to the chemical domain. The early roots of Soft Computing can be traced back to Lotfi Zadeh's work on soft data analysis [1] published in 1981. 'Soft Computing' itself became fully established about 10 years later, when the Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (SISC), an industrial liaison program, was put in place at the University of California - Berkeley. Soft Computing applications are characterized by their ability to: • approximate many different kinds of real-world systems; • tolerate imprecision, partial truth, and uncertainty; and • learn from their environment. Such characteristics commonly lead to a better ability to match reality than other approaches can provide, generating solutions of low cost, high robustness, and tractability. Zadeh has argued that soft computing provides a solid foundation for the conception, design, and application of intelligent systems employing its methodologies symbiotically rather than in isolation. There exists an implicit commitment to take advantage of the fusion of the various methodologies, since such a fusion can lead to combinations that may provide performance well beyond that offered by any single technique. |
| chemical tree: Chemical Modelling Alan Hinchliffe, 2007-10-31 Chemical Modelling: Applications and Theory comprises critical literature reviews of molecular modelling, both theoretical and applied. Molecular modelling in this context refers to modelling the structure, properties and reactions of atoms, molecules & materials. Each chapter is compiled by experts in their fields and provides a selective review of recent literature, incorporating sufficient historical perspective for the non-specialist to gain an understanding. With chemical modelling covering such a wide range of subjects, this Specialist Periodical Report serves as the first port of call to any chemist, biochemist, materials scientist or molecular physicist needing to acquaint themselves with major developments in the area. |
| chemical tree: Agriculture Handbook , 1961 Set includes revised editions of some issues. |
| chemical tree: Cocoa G. A. R. Wood, R. A. Lass, 2008-04-30 The fourth edition of this highly regarded book has been considerably enlarged to cover all aspects of cocoa production. Higher prices for cocoa have led to much new knowledge about the plant and changes to its methods of production. These are discussed, along with new problems that have occurred and the fresh research projects that have been needed. |
| chemical tree: Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management Andrew Goldberg, Yunhong Zhou, 2009-06-18 This book constitutes the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Algorithmic Aspects in Information Management, AAIM 2009, held in San Francisco, CA, USA, in June 2009. The 25 papers presented together with the abstracts of two invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this book. While the areas of information management and management science are full of algorithmic challenges, the proliferation of data (Internet, biology, finance etc) has called for the design of efficient and scalable algorithms and data structures for their management and processing. This conference is intended for original algorithmic research on immediate applications and/or fundamental problems pertinent to information management and management science, broadly construed. The conference aims at bringing together researchers in Computer Science, Operations Research, Economics, Game Theory, and related disciplines. |
| chemical tree: Agricultural Labor Data Sources Stan G. Daberkow, 1986 |
| chemical tree: Report summaries United States. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983 |
| chemical tree: Dry Kiln Claude M. Gjullin, Edmund Frederick Rasmussen, Gertrude Alsager Gronbech, Glen Blaine Ramsey, J. A. Putnam, James J. Byrne, John L. Arend, John M. Harvey, Reginald Royston, Joseph Sidney McKnight, Wilbur Tibbils Pentzer, George Mason Furnival, 1960 |
| chemical tree: Alpine Range Management in the Western United States, Principles, Practices, and Problems John F. Thilenius, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), 1975 |
| chemical tree: Characteristics and management of southwestern pinyon-juniper ranges H. W. Springfield, 1976 |
| chemical tree: USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), 1975 |
| chemical tree: U.S. Forest Service Research Paper RM. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), 1975 |
| chemical tree: Abstracts of Recent Published Material on Soil and Water Conservation , 1966 Abstracts for Dec. 1954- issued in the Agricultural Research Service's series ARS-41. |
| chemical tree: Pesticides Documentation Bulletin , 1966-11 |
| chemical tree: Mathematics in Victorian Britain Raymond Flood, Adrian Rice, Robin Wilson, 2011-09-29 With a foreword by Adam Hart-Davis, this book constitutes perhaps the first general survey of the mathematics of the Victorian period. It charts the institutional development of mathematics as a profession, as well as exploring the numerous innovations made during this time, many of which are still familiar today. |
| chemical tree: Intelligent Computing Theories and Application De-Shuang Huang, Kang-Hyun Jo, Jianqiang Li, Valeriya Gribova, Abir Hussain, 2021-08-09 This two-volume set of LNCS 12836 and LNCS 12837 constitutes - in conjunction with the volume LNAI 12838 - the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Computing, ICIC 2021, held in Shenzhen, China in August 2021. The 192 full papers of the three proceedings volumes were carefully reviewed and selected from 458 submissions. The ICIC theme unifies the picture of contemporary intelligent computing techniques as an integral concept that highlights the trends in advanced computational intelligence and bridges theoretical research with applications. The theme for this conference is “Advanced Intelligent Computing Methodologies and Applications.” The papers are organized in the following subsections: Intelligent Computing in Computer Vision, Intelligent Control and Automation, Intelligent Modeling Technologies for Smart Cities, Machine Learning, and Theoretical Computational Intelligence and Applications. |
| chemical tree: The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science , 1871 |
| chemical tree: New Frontiers in Nanochemistry: Concepts, Theories, and Trends Mihai Putz, 2020-05-06 New Frontiers in Nanochemistry: Concepts, Theories, and Trends, Volume 2: Topological Nanochemistry is the second of the new three-volume set that explains and explores the important basic and advanced modern concepts in multidisciplinary chemistry. Under the broad expertise of the editor, this second volume explores the rich research areas of nanochemistry with a specific focus on the design and control of nanotechnology by structural and reactive topology. The objective of this particular volume is to emphasize the application of nanochemistry. With 46 entries from eminent international scientists and scholars, the content in this volume spans concepts from A-to-Z—from entries on the atom-bond connectivity index to the Zagreb indices, from connectivity to vapor phase epitaxy, and from fullerenes to topological reactivity—and much more. The definitions within the text are accompanied by brief but comprehensive explicative essays as well as figures, tables, etc., providing a holistic understanding of the concepts presented. |
| chemical tree: Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Society (Great Britain), 1883 Titles of chemical papers in British and foreign journals included in Quarterly journal, v. 1-12. |
| chemical tree: ARS , 1966 |
| chemical tree: EPA-600/9 , 1976-03 |
| chemical tree: ORD Publications Summary United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development, 1976 |
| chemical tree: Graph-Theoretical Matrices in Chemistry Dusanka Janezic, Ante Milicevic, Sonja Nikolic, Nenad Trinajstic, 2015-04-22 Graph-Theoretical Matrices in Chemistry presents a systematic survey of graph-theoretical matrices and highlights their potential uses. This comprehensive volume is an updated, extended version of a former bestseller featuring a series of mathematical chemistry monographs. In this edition, nearly 200 graph-theoretical matrices are included.This sec |
| chemical tree: Computational Intelligence and Bioengineering F. Masulli, A. Micheli, A. Sperduti, 2009-06-30 This book is divided in the three main areas where Professor Antonina Starita was most active in the last period of her research activity: clustering and learning applications, biomedical applications, and motor control and evaluation. The part on clustering and learning applications opens with a contribution concerning the clustering of short-text corpora by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The second contribution in this part investigates the use of Neural Networks (NN), and specifically of Recurrent NN, to interpret brain images obtained by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The first part of the book is closed by a contribution on the System for Paleographic Inspections (SPI) software suite. |
| chemical tree: Product-Driven Process Design Edwin Zondervan, Cristhian Almeida-Rivera, Kyle Vincent Camarda, 2023-09-05 Product-driven process design – from molecule to enterprise provides process engineers and process engineering students with access to a modern and stimulating methodology to process and product design. Throughout the book the links between product design and process design become evident while the reader is guided step-by-step through the different stages of the intertwining product and process design activities. Both molecular and enterprise-wide considerations in design are introduced and addressed in detail. Several examples and case studies in emerging areas such as bio- and food-systems, pharmaceuticals and energy are discussed and presented. This book is an excellent guide and companion for undergraduate, graduate students as well as professional practitioners. |
Chemistry | Definition, Topics, Types, History, & Facts | Britannica
Apr 24, 2025 · Most of the materials that occur on Earth, such as wood, coal, minerals, or air, are mixtures of many different and distinct chemical substances. Each pure chemical substance …
Chemical reaction | Definition, Equations, Examples, & Types
May 12, 2025 · A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either …
chemical reaction - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
To describe chemical reactions, scientists use chemical equations, which make use of symbols and formulas for elements and compounds. The chemical equation for the reaction between …
chemical element - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
Any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes is defined as a chemical element. Only 94 such substances are known to exist in …
Periodic table | Definition, Elements, Groups, Charges, Trends,
May 10, 2025 · The periodic table is a tabular array of the chemical elements organized by atomic number, from the element with the lowest atomic number, hydrogen, to the element with the …
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Chemical energy is a form of potential energy that is in all substances. Food is the most important source of chemical energy for living things. The chemical energy in food is converted, or …
Organic compound | Definition & Examples | Britannica
Jun 6, 2025 · An organic compound is any chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or …
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4 days ago · Silicon, a nonmetallic chemical element in the carbon family that makes up 27.7 percent of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant element in the crust, being surpassed …
carbon dioxide - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound that is usually in the form of a gas. It is made up of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Its chemical formula is CO 2. Carbon dioxide was …
chemistry - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
The basic substances that chemists study are called chemical elements. Each element is made up of tiny particles, or bits, called atoms. Chemical reactions involve atoms or groups of atoms. …
Chemistry | Definition, Topics, Types, History, & Facts | Britannica
Apr 24, 2025 · Most of the materials that occur on Earth, such as wood, coal, minerals, or air, are mixtures of many different and distinct chemical substances. Each pure chemical substance …
Chemical reaction | Definition, Equations, Examples, & Types
May 12, 2025 · A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical …
chemical reaction - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
To describe chemical reactions, scientists use chemical equations, which make use of symbols and formulas for elements and compounds. The chemical equation for the reaction between sodium …
chemical element - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
Any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes is defined as a chemical element. Only 94 such substances are known to exist in nature (and two …
Periodic table | Definition, Elements, Groups, Charges, Trends,
May 10, 2025 · The periodic table is a tabular array of the chemical elements organized by atomic number, from the element with the lowest atomic number, hydrogen, to the element with the …
chemical energy - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy that is in all substances. Food is the most important source of chemical energy for living things. The chemical energy in food is converted, or …
Organic compound | Definition & Examples | Britannica
Jun 6, 2025 · An organic compound is any chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or …
Silicon | Element, Atom, Properties, Uses, & Facts | Britannica
4 days ago · Silicon, a nonmetallic chemical element in the carbon family that makes up 27.7 percent of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant element in the crust, being surpassed …
carbon dioxide - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound that is usually in the form of a gas. It is made up of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Its chemical formula is CO 2. Carbon dioxide was …
chemistry - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
The basic substances that chemists study are called chemical elements. Each element is made up of tiny particles, or bits, called atoms. Chemical reactions involve atoms or groups of atoms. When …
