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| civ 4 war: War Before Civilization Lawrence H. Keeley, 1997-12-18 The myth of the peace-loving noble savage is persistent and pernicious. Indeed, for the last fifty years, most popular and scholarly works have agreed that prehistoric warfare was rare, harmless, unimportant, and, like smallpox, a disease of civilized societies alone. Prehistoric warfare, according to this view, was little more than a ritualized game, where casualties were limited and the effects of aggression relatively mild. Lawrence Keeley's groundbreaking War Before Civilization offers a devastating rebuttal to such comfortable myths and debunks the notion that warfare was introduced to primitive societies through contact with civilization (an idea he denounces as the pacification of the past). Building on much fascinating archeological and historical research and offering an astute comparison of warfare in civilized and prehistoric societies, from modern European states to the Plains Indians of North America, War Before Civilization convincingly demonstrates that prehistoric warfare was in fact more deadly, more frequent, and more ruthless than modern war. To support this point, Keeley provides a wide-ranging look at warfare and brutality in the prehistoric world. He reveals, for instance, that prehistorical tactics favoring raids and ambushes, as opposed to formal battles, often yielded a high death-rate; that adult males falling into the hands of their enemies were almost universally killed; and that surprise raids seldom spared even women and children. Keeley cites evidence of ancient massacres in many areas of the world, including the discovery in South Dakota of a prehistoric mass grave containing the remains of over 500 scalped and mutilated men, women, and children (a slaughter that took place a century and a half before the arrival of Columbus). In addition, Keeley surveys the prevalence of looting, destruction, and trophy-taking in all kinds of warfare and again finds little moral distinction between ancient warriors and civilized armies. Finally, and perhaps most controversially, he examines the evidence of cannibalism among some preliterate peoples. Keeley is a seasoned writer and his book is packed with vivid, eye-opening details (for instance, that the homicide rate of prehistoric Illinois villagers may have exceeded that of the modern United States by some 70 times). But he also goes beyond grisly facts to address the larger moral and philosophical issues raised by his work. What are the causes of war? Are human beings inherently violent? How can we ensure peace in our own time? Challenging some of our most dearly held beliefs, Keeley's conclusions are bound to stir controversy. |
| civ 4 war: A War for the Soul of America Andrew Hartman, 2016-04-26 What were the culture wars all about? Through the 1980s and 1990s, politics, art, media, schools, and the culture at large were roiled by seemingly unending public battles over gender, race, sexuality, music, and religion. A War for the Soul of America is the first full-scale intellectual history of this period, tracing the histories and influences of key figures, institutions, publications, and alliances--from the Moral Majority and the NEA Four to Madonna and William F. Buckley. Hartman argues that these conflicts were not cynical sideshows that obscured larger economic and political revolutions; rather, he sees them as the key ways in which Americans came to terms with changing demographics, communities, and conceptions of American identity. Hartman s balanced and fair-minded assessment of the time before Fox News and Lady Gaga will change the way you look at public controversies of all kinds. |
| civ 4 war: The Roman Civil Wars Dominik Maschek, 2025-04-11 The late Roman Republic was characterized by severe crises, ranging from the time of the Gracchi to the Battle of Actium and finally ending with the Principate of Augustus. Individual military leaders such as Marius, Sulla, and Pompey acquired so much power that the internal cohesion of the Republic was shattered. The Roman state descended into civil war. By drawing upon a range of case studies, from monumental building to public dining, Dominik Maschek demonstrates that the harsh realities and disruptions of civil war were intimately bound up with growing wealth and prosperity: on the one hand, they were fueled by the increasing complexity of urban life and conspicuous consumption which gave rise to greed and violent appropriation; on the other hand, by the forceful and premature promotion of new ‘controlling generations’, they also played a vital role in conditioning the worldviews and socio-cultural norms that regulated the use of material culture. Drawing upon the latest advances in Roman archaeology and history, Dominik Maschek uses buildings and images, as well as rituals and acts of state, to analyze these structural underpinnings and the impact of the late Republican civil wars and for the first time offers an overall interpretation of their cultural history. |
| civ 4 war: History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides, 1958 |
| civ 4 war: War in Human Civilization Azar Gat, 2008 Why do people go to war? Is it rooted in human nature or is it a late cultural invention? And what of war today: is it a declining phenomenon or simply changing its shape? This book sets out to find definitive answers to these questions in an attempt to unravel the riddle of war throughout human history. |
| civ 4 war: The Gamer's Guide to International Relations Michael A. Allen, 2025-02-19 Ready Player One meets Foreign Affairs—everything your students need to know about international relations through the lens of video games! The Gamer’s Guide to International Relations uses massively popular video games as a stepping stone to learning about international relations. The study of international relations concerns itself with critical topics like war, civil war, terrorism, human rights, trade, monetary policy, and the environment. Each of these areas of human need, crisis, and response can be difficult to understand. However, gamers already implicitly understand the international world through the games they play. Drawing upon lessons gamers learn through gameplay, this volume guides readers as to how their existing knowledge can help untangle some of the most complicated topics facing humanity. The book progresses by introducing readers to how scholars use the scientific method in international relations. Readers will encounter pivotal international relations theories that explain why war occurs, like realism, liberalism, and constructivism, as well as understanding concepts like the bargaining model of war. The book discusses how we learn about international politics and guides the reader through how we can research world politics and gaming. Finally, the book focuses on key interest areas like international political economy, human rights, the environment, and civil war. |
| civ 4 war: The Chemical Warfare Service Leo P. Brophy, George J. B. Fisher, 1959 |
| civ 4 war: The Folly of War Donald E. Schmidt, 2005 The Folly of War is a hard-hitting, critical analysis of American wars in the 20th century that set a pattern for the early 21st century. Drawing on a wide rage of sources and rigorously marshaling the facts, the book concludes that these wars have been futile, unnecessary and foolish. Rejecting the Left's contention that American foreign policy has been driven by greedy corporate interests, the author starts from the premise that average Americans have supported these wars out of a will to do good but have failed in that aim, and in the process done much harm. This is a disturbing book that raises questions about how we go to war, how we fight wars, and how we eventually lose wars. Many Americans viewed the military defeat in Vietnam as an aberration, interrupting a string of foreign military successes. This book sees that tragedy as part of a line of politically reckless engagements. Driven by a proud self assurance that is often termed American exceptionalism, the nation arms itself to the teeth and intrudes into every region, pacing on a treadmill of perpetual war to achieve perpetual peace. Writing Chapter 13, The War on Terror - The Contrived War in 2003, just as the Bush administration was making its fateful decision to invade Iraq, Schmidt concluded at that time that the discussion among the principals (Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, Rice, Powell, etc.) was stacked with faulty information and the decision was made on an emotional level rather than a rational one. Further, he predicted that nothing good would come of the Iraq venture -- unfortunately that assessment was correct. One of the officials in the Bush White House who participated in the pre-war discussions, admitted the attack was irrational: The only reason we went into Iraq is we were looking for somebody's ass to kick ... Afghanistan was too easy. (Days of Fire - Bush and Cheney in the White House, by Peter Baker, p 191, Doubleday, 2013). At the end of seven major wars and after one million American soldiers have been killed, we are no closer to the perfect security we seek. |
| civ 4 war: The British Study Edition of the Urantia Papers Book [A4 PDF] , |
| civ 4 war: The Arena , 1895 |
| civ 4 war: From Hannibal to Sulla Carsten Hjort Lange, 2024-01-29 The second century BCE was a time of prolonged debate at Rome about the changing nature of warfare. From the outbreak of the Second Punic War in 218 to Rome’s first civil war in 88 BCE, warfare shifted from the struggle against a great external enemy to a conflict against internal parties. This book argues that Rome’s Italian subjects were central to this development: having rebelled and defected to Hannibal at the end of the third century, the allies again rebelled in 91 BCE, with significant consequences for Roman thought about warfare as such. These rebellions constituted an Italian renewal of the war against their old conqueror, Rome, and an internal war within the polity. Accordingly, we need to add 'internal war' to the already well-established dichotomy of foreign and civil war. This fresh analysis of the second century demonstrates that the Roman experience of internal war during this period provided the natural stepping-stone in the invention of civil war as such. It conceives of the period from the Second Punic War onward as an 'antebellum' period to the later civil war(s) of the Late Republic, during which contemporary observers looked back at the last 'great war' against Hannibal in preparation for the next conflict. |
| civ 4 war: The Medical Department Clarence McKittrick Smith, 1956 |
| civ 4 war: The Medical Department Clarence McKittrick Smith (Jr.), 1956 |
| civ 4 war: Congressional Record United States. Congress, 1918 The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873) |
| civ 4 war: Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution I Hal Draper, 1977-01-01 Volume I of Hal Draper’s definitive and masterful study of Marx’s political thought, which focuses on Marx’s attitude toward democracy, the state, intellectuals as revolutionaries, and much, much more. This series, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution, represents an exhaustive and definitive treatment of Marx’s political theory, policy, and practice. Marx and Engels paid continuing attention to a host of problems of revolution, in addition to constructing their “grand theory.” All these political and social analyses are brought together in these volumes, as the author draws not only on the original writings of Marx and Engels but also on the sources that they used in formulating their ideas and the many commentaries on their published work. Draper’s series is a massive and immensely valuable scholarly undertaking. The bibliography alone will stand as a rich resource for years to come. Yet despite the scholarly treatment, the writing is direct, forceful, and unpedantic throughout, and will appeal to the beginning student as much as the advanced reader. |
| civ 4 war: The Final Frontier Dominick Jenkins, 2002-11-17 Drawing parallels between the current War on Terror and the massive arms expansion of the first half of the 20th century, Jenkins (history and philosophy of science, Cambridge U., UK) argues that the fear among the American people of devastating weapons in the hands of enemies was created by the American military and allied weapons laboratories in order to justify the development of devastating weapons that were used by the U.S. with devastating effect on civilian populations abroad. The development of this world devastating power helped delay the expansion of democracy domestically and was aided by an alliance between a centralized Presidency and the weapons industry. Jenkins concludes the work by suggesting that the path out of this dilemma is to further expand democracy so that citizens intervene in defining the path of future research and technology development. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| civ 4 war: Survey of Current Business , 1944 |
| civ 4 war: The Colonial Office List for ... Great Britain. Colonial Office, 1905 |
| civ 4 war: Digest of Opinions , 1951 Contains digests of selected opinions and decisions of the Judge Advocates General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, the General Counsel of the Treasury Department and the Boards of Review ... the United States Court of Military Appeals; other governmental departments and agencies; and Federal and State courts. |
| civ 4 war: War; Organized Destruction and Mass Murder by Civilized Nations Scott Nearing, 1931 |
| civ 4 war: Social Security Bulletin , 1944 |
| civ 4 war: The Roman Republic William Everton Heitland, 2014-01-30 The final volume of William Heitland's masterpiece trilogy examines the Roman Republic from the death of Sulla to Rome's emergence as an Imperial power. |
| civ 4 war: History of Western Civilization United States Armed Forces Institute, 1961 |
| civ 4 war: Latin Composition Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge, 1901 |
| civ 4 war: The Wisdom of Egypt Anthony Hilhorst, George H. van Kooten, 2018-12-10 This collection of essays, published on the occasion of Gerard Luttikhuizen’s retirement, highlights the Egyptian subject-matter, background or provenance of many Jewish, Early Christian, and Gnostic texts. It covers a broad spectrum of themes, genres, and traditions. It shows that Egypt was a vibrant point of reference, sometimes even a focal point and cradle for Jews, Christians, and Gnostics and their thought. The first part of this book examines various aspects of the relation between Judaism and Egypt, mainly in the Graeco-Roman period. The second part deals with several connections between early Christianity and Egypt, whereas the third part considers Egypt as the place where many Gnostic texts were found. This collection pays homage to Gerard Luttikhuizen’s life-long interest in Egypt and Gnosticism. |
| civ 4 war: Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army National Library of Medicine (U.S.), 1955 |
| civ 4 war: Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Army Medical Library). Authors and Subjects Army Medical Library (U.S.), 1955 |
| civ 4 war: America, History and Life , 1968 |
| civ 4 war: Military Medicine Armed Forces Medical Library (U.S.), 1955 |
| civ 4 war: Civil Affairs Harry Lewis Coles, Albert Katz Weinberg, 1964 A documentary history with brief narrative introductions illustrating the evolution of civil affairs policy and practice in the Mediterranean and European theaters. |
| civ 4 war: Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Armed Forces Medical Library). Armed Forces Medical Library (U.S.), National Library of Medicine (U.S.), Library of the Surgeon-General's Office (U.S.), 1955 Collection of incunabula and early medical prints in the library of the Surgeon-general's office, U.S. Army: Ser. 3, v. 10, p. 1415-1436. |
| civ 4 war: International Politics Robert J. Art, Timothy W. Crawford, Robert Jervis, 2023-02-06 International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issueshas been expertly helping students understand politics for fifty years. The 14th edition, with fully half the readings new to this edition and a new coeditor, continues the trademark approach of teaching international politics through both cutting-edge and foundational scholarship. |
| civ 4 war: House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents United States. Congress. House, 1881 |
| civ 4 war: Assembly West Point Association of Graduates (Organization), 1989 |
| civ 4 war: Index to the Honolulu Advertiser and Honolulu Star-bulletin Hawaii State Library, 1968 |
| civ 4 war: Professional Journal of the United States Army , 2012 |
| civ 4 war: Military Review , 2012 |
| civ 4 war: The Medical Department: Hospitalization and evacuation, zone of interior , 1956 |
| civ 4 war: Modern Federal Practice Digest , 1961 |
| civ 4 war: Congressional Record , 1892 |
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