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| burden of proof debate: Burdens of Proof in Modern Discourse Richard H. Gaskins, 1995-02-22 Public and professional debates have come to rely heavily on a special type of reasoning: the argument-from-ignorance, in which conclusions depend on the lack of compelling information. I win my argument, says the skillful advocate, unless you can prove that I am wrong. This extraordinary gambit has been largely ignored in modern rhetorical and philosophical studies. Yet its broad force can be demonstrated by analogy with the modern legal system, where courts have long manipulated burdens of proof with skill and subtlety. This legal, philosophical, and rhetorical study by Richard H. Gaskins provides the first systematic treatment of arguments-from-ignorance across a wide range of modern discourse--from constitutional law, scientific inquiry, and moral philosophy to organizational behavior, computer operation, and personal interaction. Gaskins reviews the historic shifts in constitutional proof burdens that have shaped public debate on fundamental rights and, by analogy, on the fundamental status of intellectual and cultural authority. He shows how similar shifts have dominated polemical battles between scientific and ethical modes of authority, affecting both academic and popular discussion. Finally, he discovers the philosophical roots of default reasoning strategies in the arguments of Kant and nineteenth-century Kantian schools. Concluding that shifting proof burdens are inescapable in a world of scientific and moral uncertainty, Gaskins emphasizes the common strategic ground shared by dogmatic and skeptical reasoning. Using Hegelian strategies, he describes a more pluralistic temper that can move critical thinking beyond polemics and strengthen our capacities for common discourse. |
| burden of proof debate: Why Have Children? Christine Overall, 2012-02-03 A wide-ranging exploration of whether or not choosing to procreate can be morally justified—and if so, how. In contemporary Western society, people are more often called upon to justify the choice not to have children than they are to supply reasons for having them. In this book, Christine Overall maintains that the burden of proof should be reversed: that the choice to have children calls for more careful justification and reasoning than the choice not to. Arguing that the choice to have children is not just a prudential or pragmatic decision but one with ethical repercussions, Overall offers a wide-ranging exploration of how we might think systematically and deeply about this fundamental aspect of human life. Writing from a feminist perspective, she also acknowledges the inevitably gendered nature of the decision; the choice has different meanings, implications, and risks for women than it has for men. After considering a series of ethical approaches to procreation, and finding them inadequate or incomplete, Overall offers instead a novel argument. Exploring the nature of the biological parent-child relationship—which is not only genetic but also psychological, physical, intellectual, and moral—she argues that the formation of that relationship is the best possible reason for choosing to have a child. |
| burden of proof debate: Controversies and the Metaphysics of Mind Yaron M. Senderowicz, 2010 Since ancient times, metaphysical theories have been shaped by the dialectical relations between metaphysical positions. The present book offers a new account of the role of controversies in the evolution of ideas in current metaphysics of mind. Part One develops a pragmatic theory of metaphysical controversies that combines Kantian themes and themes from current argumentation theory. The theory developed in this book underscores the role of a unique type of dialectical arguments which establish metaphysical positions as controversial relevant alternatives in the evolution of chains of debates in metaphysics. In Part Two and Part Three, this theory is applied to chains of debates in present day metaphysics of mind which address the problems of consciousness and personal identity. One of the contentions defended in this book is that the intellectual history of metaphysics is not a process in which positions are replaced by opposite positions, but rather, a history of their status as relevant alternatives. The book analyzes in detail and demonstrates how progress in contemporary metaphysics of mind consists in a dialectical process through which challenges to extant positions lead to innovative alternatives that are intrinsically relevant to advancing the understanding of the issues under discussion. |
| burden of proof debate: The Debater's Guide Jon M. Ericson, James Jerome Murphy, 2003 A fully revised handbook for students of debate at all stages, The Debater's Guide presents chronologically the steps of building a debate case, reviews the strategy of planning for refutation and defense, and offers sound advice on presenting the case in oral discourse. |
| burden of proof debate: Decision by Debate Douglas Ehninger, Wayne Brockriede, 2008 Decision by Debate broke new ground in argumentation and debate with its publication in 1963. Ehninger and Brockriede were the first to recognize debate as fundamentally a co-operative enterprise, with the competitive clash of ideas occurring within a framework in which everyone has the opportunity to speak, in which everyone agrees to suspend judgment until all arguments are presented, in which everyone agrees to abide by the decision of the adjudicator. The most lasting legacy of the work is its break with formal, deductive logic and its introduction of Stephen Toulmin's model of argument to undergraduate student debaters, which, since then, has become a mainstay of what many have called the Renaissance of argumentation studies. Without the work presented in Decision by Debate, contemporary interdisciplinary views of argumentation that now dominate many disciplines might have never have taken place or at least have been severely delayed. |
| burden of proof debate: Presumptions and Burdens of Proof Hans Vilhelm Hansen, Fred J. Kauffeld, James B. Freeman, Lilian Bermejo-Luque, 2019-05-28 An anthology of the most important historical sources, classical and modern, on the subjects of presumptions and burdens of proof In the last fifty years, the study of argumentation has become one of the most exciting intellectual crossroads in the modern academy. Two of the most central concepts of argumentation theory are presumptions and burdens of proof. Their functions have been explicitly recognized in legal theory since the middle ages, but their pervasive presence in all forms of argumentation and in inquiries beyond the law—including politics, science, religion, philosophy, and interpersonal communication—have been the object of study since the nineteenth century. However, the documents and essays central to any discussion of presumptions and burdens of proof as devices of argumentation are scattered across a variety of remote sources in rhetoric, law, and philosophy. Presumptions and Burdens of Proof: An Anthology of Argumentation and the Law brings together for the first time key texts relating to the history of the theory of presumptions along with contemporary studies that identify and give insight into the issues facing students and scholars today. The collection’s first half contains historical sources and begins with excerpts from Aristotle’s Topics and goes on to include the locus classicus chapter from Bishop Whately’s crucial Elements of Rhetoric as well as later reactions to Whately’s views. The second half of the collection contains contemporary essays by contributors from the fields of law, philosophy, rhetoric, and argumentation and communication theory. These essays explore contemporary understandings of presumptions and burdens of proof and their role in numerous contexts today. This anthology is the definitive resource on the subject of these crucial rhetorical modes and will be a vital resource to all scholars of communication and rhetoric, as well as legal scholars and practicing jurists. |
| burden of proof debate: Learning to Debate Takeshi Suzuki, David Zarefsky, 2025-04-16 Written in an accessible style, this textbook introduces undergraduate students to the theoretical and practical aspects of debate and outlines the fundamental skills of analysis and advocacy. Debate teaches students how to solve the problems that we face in everyday and public situations. This book allows readers to face such problems head on by equipping them with the knowledge and skills to analyze a situation, propose solutions, and present debates and arguments in a persuasive manner. Organized into two parts, the book begins by laying the theoretical foundations and offering a step-by-step guide to debate. Students are shown how to compare pros and cons, test evidence and reasoning, and defend and develop their own positions. Each chapter in part two explores key sample constructive, rebuttal, and summary debate speeches and includes exercises and assignments to allow students to actively engage with the material and experience debate in the classroom. Providing students with the tools to become responsible members of a democratic society, Learning to Debate: An Introduction to Analysis and Advocacy is an ideal textbook for undergraduate Argumentation and Debate and Speech Communication courses. Material for instructors, including PowerPoint slides and an instructor’s manual, is available at https://routledge.com/9781032671390. |
| burden of proof debate: Introduction to Public Forum and Congressional Debate Jeffrey Hannan, Benjamin Berkman, Chad Meadows, 2012 Conceived and written by three of the most successful and talented National Forensic League coaches and educators, this text brings together current best practices for Public Forum and Congressional Debate. |
| burden of proof debate: Burden of Proof, Presumption and Argumentation Douglas Walton, 2014-06-30 This book explains how burden of proof and presumption work as powerful devices in argumentation, based on studying many clearly explained legal and non-legal examples. It shows how the latest argumentation-based methods of artificial intelligence can be applied to these examples to help us understand how burdens of proof and presumptions work as devices of legal reasoning. It also shows the reader how to deal with presumptions and burdens of proof in everyday life, as they shift from one side to the other, sometimes confusingly, during a sequence of argumentation. |
| burden of proof debate: The Debater's Guide, Fourth Edition Jon M. Ericson, James J. Murphy, Raymond Bud Zeuschner, 2011-02-17 Tens of thousands of readers have studied and applied this practical guide to instruction in argumentation and communication since it was first published in 1961. In this fourth edition-the Fiftieth Anniversary Edition-authors Jon M. Ericson, James J. Murphy, and Raymond Bud Zeuschner have made significant revisions to improve the depth, flow, and clarity of this popular debater's handbook. With straightforward explanations and specific applications geared toward contemporary debate practice, this compact volume offers students and teachers clear-cut assistance in resolving the key problem faced by debaters: the need to present arguments forcefully and cogently while reacting effectively to criticism. Beginning with a candid explanation of the basic principles of debate, The Debater's Guide then introduces the steps to building a case, from reviewing strategies for refutation and defense to engaging in cross-examination, solid research, and critical thinking. It advises readers on a wide range of important topics, from budgeting time in a debate to speaking in outline form by using a well-organized series of explanations, specific examples, and graphic presentations related to both policy and value issues. The authors apply these concepts to a variety of formats and situations commonly found in high school and collegiate debating. Avoiding jargon and complex theory discussions, The Debater's Guide offers sound advice on presenting an effective case in oral discourse, helps students build their understanding of how and why debate functions, and provides a solid foundation for success in any format. The expanded contents pages and new subheadings allow for quick reference to any particular aspect of debate, making this new edition an excellent choice for classroom use as well as a valuable hands-on tool during debates. |
| burden of proof debate: Restoring the Lost Constitution Randy E. Barnett, 2013-11-24 The U.S. Constitution found in school textbooks and under glass in Washington is not the one enforced today by the Supreme Court. In Restoring the Lost Constitution, Randy Barnett argues that since the nation's founding, but especially since the 1930s, the courts have been cutting holes in the original Constitution and its amendments to eliminate the parts that protect liberty from the power of government. From the Commerce Clause, to the Necessary and Proper Clause, to the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, to the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court has rendered each of these provisions toothless. In the process, the written Constitution has been lost. Barnett establishes the original meaning of these lost clauses and offers a practical way to restore them to their central role in constraining government: adopting a presumption of liberty to give the benefit of the doubt to citizens when laws restrict their rightful exercises of liberty. He also provides a new, realistic and philosophically rigorous theory of constitutional legitimacy that justifies both interpreting the Constitution according to its original meaning and, where that meaning is vague or open-ended, construing it so as to better protect the rights retained by the people. As clearly argued as it is insightful and provocative, Restoring the Lost Constitution forcefully disputes the conventional wisdom, posing a powerful challenge to which others must now respond. This updated edition features an afterword with further reflections on individual popular sovereignty, originalist interpretation, judicial engagement, and the gravitational force that original meaning has exerted on the Supreme Court in several recent cases. |
| burden of proof debate: The Art of Debate Raymond Macdonald Alden, 1900-01-01 The Art of Debate by Raymond Macdonald Alden: Hone your skills in the art of debate with The Art of Debate by Raymond Macdonald Alden. This comprehensive guide provides valuable insights into the principles of argumentation, critical thinking, and effective debate strategies. Key Aspects of the Book The Art of Debate: Debate Fundamentals: Alden covers the essential principles of debate, including argument construction, evidence analysis, and rebuttal techniques. Critical Thinking: The book emphasizes critical thinking skills, helping readers evaluate arguments and evidence critically. Debate Strategies: The Art of Debate offers practical strategies and tips for success in competitive debating and persuasive communication. Raymond Macdonald Alden was an American educator and expert in debate and public speaking. His work in The Art of Debate reflects his passion for promoting effective communication and the art of debate as a valuable skill. |
| burden of proof debate: The Dyslexia Debate Julian G. Elliott, Elena L. Grigorenko, 2014-03-24 An examination of how we use the term 'dyslexia' and how this may undermine aid for struggling readers. |
| burden of proof debate: Why There Is No God Armin Navabi, 2014-10-06 Science can't explain the complexity and order of life; God must have designed it to be this way.God's existence is proven by scripture.There's no evidence that God doesn't exist.God has helped me so much. How could none of it be true?Atheism has killed more people than religion, so it must be wrong! How many times have you heard arguments like these for why God exists? Why There Is No God: Simple Responses to 20 Common Arguments for the Existence of God provides simple, easy-to-understand counterpoints to the most popular arguments made for the existence of God. Each chapter presents a concise explanation of the argument, followed by a response illustrating the problems and fallacies inherent in it. Whether you're an atheist, a believer or undecided, this book offers a solid foundation for building your own inquiry about the concept of God. |
| burden of proof debate: Argumentation and Debate Austin J. Freeley, David L. Steinberg, 2000 This text presents a clear and concise explanation of argumentation and provides models for good argumentation, particularly as it applies to academic debate. |
| burden of proof debate: Contemporary Debates in Social Philosophy Laurence Thomas, 2009-02-04 In this important and engaging volume, international scholars present opposing viewpoints to debate ten of the most important issues in contemporary social philosophy. Provides an original analysis of some of society’s most pressing issues Written by an outstanding cast of international scholars Issues covered include the nature of freedom, the limits of religious tolerance, affirmative action, parenting, the death penalty, privacy, violence, world hunger, social diversity, homosexuality, and abortion Invites the reader to participate in the exchange of arguments |
| burden of proof debate: Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols) Tom Holmén, Stanley E. Porter, 2010-12 V. 1. How to study the historical Jesus -- v. 2. The study of Jesus -- v. 3. The historical Jesus -- v. 4. Individual studies. |
| burden of proof debate: Competitive Debate Richard Edwards, 2008-06-03 The bible for debaters and their coaches. Nearly every high school and college in America has a debate club and/or a debate team. There are hundreds of competitions at the county and state level, culminating in heated national competitions. Yet, at many high schools and colleges, coaches are drawn from the history or English departments with little or no experience in the highly structured procedures of this popular discipline. And while competitive debate has been growing each year as a prime academic activity, there have been no popular handbooks to help students and coaches prepare for contests effectively and efficiently. Practical and authoritative, this guide includes not only tips and guidelines for effective preparation and delivery, but full-length, actual transcripts of successful competitions in each format. Endorsed by the two national governing bodies for competitive debate—the National Federation of State High School Associations and the National Forensic League—and priced for the budget-conscious student and high school teacher alike, Competitive Debate: The Official Guide is set to become the instructional “bible” for tens of thousands of present and future debaters and their coaches. Inside, Dr. Richard Edwards—award-winning debate coach, professor, former competitive debate judge, and author—leads readers through the three popular formats of competitive debate: • Policy Debate • Lincoln-Douglas Debate • Public Forum Debate |
| burden of proof debate: This Debate Is Over Hashone Green, 2024-03-24 This book deals with an ongoing debate between Calvinist and Non-Calvinist. For over 400 years these two groups have went back and forth on issues such as Election is it Conditional or Unconditional. The issue of the saving grace of God is it resistible or irresistible. Scholars from both sides have waxed eloquent biblically supporting their view, while at the same time presenting sound chases to dismantle the opposing view. That’s the problem though isn’t it? Both sides are winning and losing at the same time. Nobody wins, it’s a draw! What happens if instead of comparing one system against the opposing system, we examined each systematic view against the scripture? That’s what this book does, examines each view with scripture. Which view or views were able to withstand scriptural scruntiny? |
| burden of proof debate: Crucial Concepts in Argumentation Theory F. H. van Eemeren, 2001 Crucial Concepts in Argumentation Theory is a collection of essays that discuss a series of important issues in the study of argumentation. The essays describe the concepts that are crucial to argumentational research and the various ways these concepts have been approached. The essays explore such issues as points of view, unexpressed premises, argument schemes, argumentation structures, fallacies, argument interpretation and reconstruction, and argumentation in law. Each of the essays provides interested readers with an overview of the literature that can serve as a point of departure for further study. |
| burden of proof debate: Pros and Cons Debbie Newman, Trevor Sather, Ben Woolgar, 2013-10-08 Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook offers a unique and invaluable guide to the arguments both for and against over 140 current controversies and global issues. Since it was first published in 1896 the handbook has been regularly updated and this nineteenth edition includes new entries on topics such as the right to possess nuclear weapons, the bailing out of failing industries, the protection of indigenous languages and the torture of suspected terrorists. Equal coverage is given to both sides of each debate in a dual column format which allows for easy comparison. Each entry also includes a list of related topics and suggestions for possible motions. The introductory essay describes debating technique, covering the rules, structure and type of debate, and offering tips on how to become a successful speaker. The book is then divided into eight thematic sections, where specific subjects are covered individually. |
| burden of proof debate: Game Theory and Pragmatics A. Benz, G. Jäger, R. Van Rooij, Robert Van Rooij, 2005-10-31 Rooted in Gricean tradition, this book concentrates on game- and decision-theoretic (GDT) approaches to the foundations of pragmatics. An Introduction to GDT, with an overview of GDT pragmatics research to date and its relation to semantics and to Gricean pragmatics is followed by contributions offering a high-level survey of current GDT pragmatics and the field of its applications, demonstrating that this approach provides a sound basis for synchronic and diachronic explanations of language use. |
| burden of proof debate: The Burdens of Proof Dale A. Nance, 2016-03-11 This book explores contemporary thinking on the evidential requirements that are critical for practical decision-making. |
| burden of proof debate: Winning Debates Steven L. Johnson, 2009 The format of debating used at the World Universities Debating Championships (also known as British Parliamentary or Worlds-style debating) is the international standard for academic debating. Winning Debates is both an introduction to the format and an advanced consideration of strategies and tactics proven to be effective techniques for successful debating. The text combines a review of the basics of argument theory with an application of those theories to the four-team style of debate. Also addressed are the special strategic and tactical considerations for debates in the Worlds style. Chapters include: On Winning, Arguments & Argumentation, Stasis and Structure, Basic Strategy and Tactics. The Speakers and their Speeches, Decision Making and Strategy, Paradoxes of Debate, Advanced Tactics, Adjudicating Debates. |
| burden of proof debate: Torture, Terrorism, and the Use of Violence (also available as Review Journal of Political Philosophy Volume 6, Issue Number 1) J. Jeremy Wisnewski, 2008-12-18 This journal has been discontinued. Any issues are available to purchase separately. |
| burden of proof debate: Great Debates in Tort Law Jonathan Morgan, 2022-11-17 Exploring the key discussions and arguments in tort law, this book enables students to get a deeper and more rounded understanding of the subject. Part of the Great Debates series, it is an engaging introduction to the more advanced legal concepts, such as negligent breach of duty and vicarious liability. Each chapter is structured around questions and debates that provoke deeper thought. It features summaries of the views of notable experts on key topics and each chapter ends with a list of further reading. This book is ideal for use by ambitious students alongside a main course textbook, encouraging them to think critically, analyse the topic and gain new insights. The development of these skills and the discursive nature of the series, with an emphasis on contentious topics, means the book is also useful for students when preparing their dissertations. Suitable for use on courses at all levels, this book helps students to excel in coursework and exams. |
| burden of proof debate: The Jesus Legend Paul Rhodes Eddy, Gregory A. Boyd, 2007-08 Confronts the legendary Jesus case, showing how the Synoptic Gospels are the most historically probable representation of the actual Jesus of history. |
| burden of proof debate: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 1950 Contains the 4th session of the 28th Parliament through the session of the Parliament. |
| burden of proof debate: Parliamentary Debates New Zealand. Parliament, 1882 |
| burden of proof debate: Engaging Bioethics Gary Seay, Susana Nuccetelli, 2023-08-31 Presuming readers start with no background in philosophy, this enhanced introduction to bioethics first provides balanced, philosophically based coverage of moral reasoning, moral theories, and the law. It then leads the newly equipped reader to explore a range of important ethical issues in health care and biomedical research. Engaging Bioethics, Second Edition is designed for undergraduates throughout the humanities and social sciences as well as for healthcare professionals-in-training, including students in medical school, pre-medicine, nursing, public health, and those studying to assist physicians in various capacities. Along with coverage of standard bioethical issues—such as vaccination, access to health care, new reproductive technologies, genetics, research on human and animal subjects, abortion, medical confidentiality, and disclosure—it now addresses ethical aspects of the Covid-19 pandemic, the US Supreme Court’s Dobbs v Jackson decision, use of CRISPR for human gene editing, and the expansion of medically assisted death globally. Key Features Flexibility for the instructor, with chapters that can be read independently and in an order that fits the course structure Integration with case studies and primary sources Attention to issues of gender, race, cultural diversity, and justice in health care Pedagogical features to help instructors and students A companion website (www.routledge.com/cw/seay) with a virtual anthology linking to key primary sources, a test bank, topics for papers, and PowerPoints for lectures and class discussion Key Updates to the Second Edition An expanded treatment of vaccination ethics A new chapter wholly devoted to the tools of moral thinking Additional topics on the patient–healthcare professional relationship such as social nudging in health care and public health, and the limits of beneficence in connection with the burnout of frontline healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic New, up-to-date cases and questions for further discussion throughout the chapters Updated learning objectives and overviews for each chapter |
| burden of proof debate: Democratizing Legal Services Laura Snyder, 2016-10-11 This book responds to the common objections to alternative business structures, describes the opportunities that such structures offer, exposes how lawyer self-regulation operates to obstruct the modernization of legal services, and includes interviews with persons who have experience with alternative legal service providers in other countries. |
| burden of proof debate: Thinking Like a Lawyer Frederick Schauer, 2012-04-02 This primer on legal reasoning is aimed at law students and upper-level undergraduates. But it is also an original exposition of basic legal concepts that scholars and lawyers will find stimulating. It covers such topics as rules, precedent, authority, analogical reasoning, the common law, statutory interpretation, legal realism, judicial opinions, legal facts, and burden of proof. |
| burden of proof debate: The Shakespeare Controversy Warren Hope, Kim Holston, 2009-07-01 Theories stating that plays attributed to Shakespeare were in fact written by other authors have existed for more than 200 years; some theories have been ridiculed and reviled while some have gained growing popular and scholarly support. The history of the Shakespeare controversy is presented in this revised edition of the 1992 work, with much new information and three additional chapters. Part I documents and critically assesses the most important theories on the authorship question. Part II is an annotated bibliography, arranged chronologically, of the many works that deal with the controversy from its vague beginnings to the present. |
| burden of proof debate: Reason in the Balance Sharon Bailin, Mark Battersby, 2016-02-11 Unlike most texts in critical thinking, Reason in the Balance focuses broadly on the practice of critical inquiry, the process of carefully examining an issue in order to come to a reasoned judgment. Although analysis and critique of individual arguments have an important role to play, this text goes beyond that dimension to emphasize the various aspects that go into the practice of inquiry, including identifying issues and relevant contexts, understanding competing cases, and making a comparative judgment. Distinctive Features of the Text: Emphasis on applying critical thinking to complex issues with competing arguments Inclusion of chapters on inquiry in specific contexts Attention to the dialogical aspects of inquiry, including sample dialogues Emphasis on the spirit of inquiry The Second Edition Features: Updated examples and items of current interest New dialogues on vaccination, prostitution, and climate change New material on biases in reasoning, including emotional, psychological, social, and cognitive The Reason in the Balance Website includes: An Appendix on Logic Exercises Quizzes |
| burden of proof debate: Evidence Concentrate Maureen Spencer, John Spencer, 2019 The Evidence Concentrate is written and designed to help you succeed. Written by experts and covering all key topics, Concentrate guides help focus your revision and maximise your exam performance. Each guide includes revision tips, advice on how to achieve extra marks, and a thorough and focused breakdown of the key topics and cases. Revision guides you can rely on: trusted by lecturers, loved by students... I have always used OUP revision and Q&A books and genuinely believe they have helped me get better grades - Anthony Poole, law student, Swansea University The detail in this revision textbook is phenomenal and is just what is needed to push your exam preparation to the next level. - Stephanie Lomas, law student, University of Central Lancashire It is a little more in-depth than other revision guides, and also has clear diagrams and teaches ways to obtain extra marks. These features make it unique - Godwin Tan, law student, University College London The concentrate revision guides stand out against other revision guides - Renae Haynes Williams, law student, Bangor University The exam style questions are brilliant and the series is very detailed, prepares you well - Frances Easton, law student, University of Birmingham The accompanying website for Concentrate is the most impressive I've come across - Alice Munnelly, law student, Kings College London -it is a fantastic book. It covers absolutely all topics you need for the course. - Emma McGeorge, law student, Strathclyde University |
| burden of proof debate: Allowing for Exceptions Luís Duarte d'Almeida, 2015 Within limits, the law allows for exceptions. Or so we tend to think. In fact, the line between rules and exceptions is harder to draw than it seems. How are we to determine what counts as an exception and what as part of the relevant rule? The distinction has important practical implications. But legal theorists have found the notion of an exception surprisingly difficult to explain. This is the longstanding jurisprudential problem that this book seeks to solve. |
| burden of proof debate: Evidence (Speedy Study Guides) Speedy Publishing, 2015-04-29 Do you know that the word evidence holds different meanings depending on the discipline you're using it in? Scientific evidence differs compared to those presented in court. An understanding of how the types of evidences and how they are used will pave the way for regulation and proper treatment of facts and other information. Buy a copy of this guide today. |
| burden of proof debate: The Art of Debate - 14th Edition N. André Cossette, 2015-08-21 This comprehensive forensics textbook includes everything for the beginning to intermediate 7th-12th grade debater and forensics competitor. Teachers across the US and Japan have used the Art of Debate textbooks to teach high-school and middle-school debate. Anyone who is looking for a textbook to help novices to intermediate competitive debaters should look no further. This book also is useful for anyone who seeks to be a more persuasive and eloquent public speaker. The book teaches basic debate skills, Public Forum debate, Lincoln-Douglas debate, Policy/Cross-Examination debate, Congressional debate, and eight different speech events: Impromptu, Extemporaneous, Expository, Oratory, Dramatic Interpretation, Dual Interpretation, Oral Interpretation/Interpretive Reading, and Humorous Interpretation. This book contains all you need to improve your debating and speechmaking skills and get you ready for your next speech or forensics competition. |
| burden of proof debate: Local Theories of Argument Dale Hample, 2021-03-25 Argumentation is often understood as a coherent set of Western theories, birthed in Athens and developing throughout the Roman period, the Middle Ages, the Enlightenment and Renaissance, and into the present century. Ideas have been nuanced, developed, and revised, but still the outline of argumentation theory has been recognizable for centuries, or so it has seemed to Western scholars. The 2019 Alta Conference on Argumentation (co-sponsored by the National Communication Association and the American Forensic Association) aimed to question the generality of these intellectual traditions. This resulting collection of essays deals with the possibility of having local theories of argument – local to a particular time, a particular kind of issue, a particular place, or a particular culture. Many of the papers argue for reconsidering basic ideas about arguing to represent the uniqueness of some moment or location of discourse. Other scholars are more comfortable with the Western traditions, and find them congenial to the analysis of arguments that originate in discernibly distinct circumstances. The papers represent different methodologies, cover the experiences of different nations at different times, examine varying sorts of argumentative events (speeches, court decisions, food choices, and sound), explore particular personal identities and the issues highlighted by them, and have different overall orientations to doing argumentation scholarship. Considered together, the essays do not generate one simple conclusion, but they stimulate reflection about the particularity or generality of the experience of arguing, and therefore the scope of our theories. |
| burden of proof debate: Debate and Critical Analysis Robert James Branham, 2013-10-16 Rather than approach debate primarily as a form of interscholastic competition, this unique book identifies it as an activity that occurs in many settings: scientific conferences, newspaper op-ed pages, classrooms, courts of law, and everyday domestic life. Debate is discussed as an integral part of academic inquiry in all disciplines. As in all fields of study, various competing views are advanced and supported; Debate and Critical Analysis is designed to better prepare the student to assess and engage them. This text posits four characteristics of true debate -- argument development, clash, extension, and perspective -- which form the basic structure of the book. Each concept or aspect of argument covered is illustrated by an example drawn from contemporary or historical sources, allowing the reader to actually see the techniques and strategies at work. All popular forms of competitive debate, including policy, Lincoln-Douglas, value-oriented, and parliamentary, are discussed in detail -- as embedded in the actual topical controversies with which they are concerned. In this way, the student can learn the structures, reasoning processes, and strategies that may be employed, as well as the practical affairs of debating, from brief-writing to the flowsheet. |
BURDEN Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of BURDEN is something that is carried : load. How to use burden in a sentence.
BURDEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
BURDEN definition: 1. a heavy load that you carry: 2. something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with …
1299 Synonyms & Antonyms for BURDEN - Thesaurus.com
Find 1299 different ways to say BURDEN, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
BURDEN definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you describe a problem or a responsibility as a burden, you mean that it causes someone a lot of difficulty, …
burden noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and us…
Definition of burden noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, …
BURDEN Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of BURDEN is something that is carried : load. How to use burden in a sentence.
BURDEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
BURDEN definition: 1. a heavy load that you carry: 2. something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or…. Learn more.
1299 Synonyms & Antonyms for BURDEN - Thesaurus.com
Find 1299 different ways to say BURDEN, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
BURDEN definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you describe a problem or a responsibility as a burden, you mean that it causes someone a lot of difficulty, worry, or hard work. The developing countries bear the burden of an enormous …
burden noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage ...
Definition of burden noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work. the burden (of something) The main burden of …
Burden - definition of burden by The Free Dictionary
Jun 25, 2012 · Define burden. burden synonyms, burden pronunciation, burden translation, English dictionary definition of burden. n. 1. Something that is carried. 2. a. Something that is …
What does Burden mean? - Definitions.net
What does Burden mean? This dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word Burden. A heavy load. A responsibility, onus. A …
Burden Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Something that is emotionally difficult to bear. Anything one has to bear or put up with; heavy load, as of work, duty, responsibility, or sorrow. A source of great worry or stress; weight. The …
burden - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
May 18, 2025 · burden (third-person singular simple present burdens, present participle burdening, simple past and past participle burdened) To encumber with a literal or figurative …
BURDEN Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
See examples of BURDEN used in a sentence.
