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| cardiac cardboard computer: The Paper Computer Unfolded Mark Jones Lorenzo, 2017-08-22 The Paper Computer Unfolded reveals the untold true story of three fully programmable computers that were made of nothing more than paper, cardboard, a bit of glue, and a lot of imagination.From transistors to lasers, from radio astronomy to the solar battery cell, and from the C programming language to information theory, through much of the twentieth century Bell Telephone Laboratories was the birthplace of the future. But just as important as what the scientists and mathematicians at Bell Labs invented were their clever promotional efforts describing the nature of their work. For instance, in the 1960s Bell distributed self-promotional advertisements in the form of free scientific and technology kits to teachers and students in middle and high schools nationwide. One kit focused on transistors; another, on solar energy; and yet another, on crystals and light. By the end of the sixties, many high school students received their first exposure to computers courtesy of the Understanding Computers Bell Labs kit. Inside was a strange-looking device constructed out of paper and die-cut cardboard: the CARDboard Illustrative Aid to Computation (CARDIAC), a fully programmable computer created by a visionary Bell mathematician. The single-address, single-accumulator-based CARDIAC needed (rather fittingly) just a single power source to run programs on its hardware: you. Hand-operated, no electricity required. With the relative scarcity of electronic computers and the expense of computer time, there was perhaps no better teaching tool than the CARDIAC.The story of the paper computer, however, doesn't end with the CARDIAC; in fact, it probably doesn't even begin with it. Several years before Bell Labs released their Understanding Computers kit, a young Massachusetts Institute of Technology doctoral student developed his own instructional model: the Little Man Computer (LMC). With a design and instruction set quite similar to the CARDIAC, the LMC--requiring nothing more than paper and pencil to run programs--quickly caught on at MIT, where it was taught to all undergraduates studying computers. Decades later, the LMC paradigm, in various incarnations, still persists in computer science curricula around the country.And improbably, despite the ascension and growing availability of cheap microcomputers by the late 1970s, a third paper computer, called the Instructo, was patented and released. If the CARDIAC was a product of the research lab and the LMC a product of the ivory tower, the Instructo was a true product of the classroom: it was developed by a prolific mathematics teacher who knew a thing or two about teaching computers to middle and high school students. Vastly different from the other two machines, the Instructo Paper Computer (IPC) has a large instruction set and multiple registers and switches powering its cardboard components. But like the CARDIAC and the LMC, the IPC models a von Neumann architecture, albeit also without the need for an electric power source.Tracing their origins to the early calculating machines of Pascal and Babbage, through the groundbreaking computational theories of Turing and von Neumann, to the first electromechanical and electronic computers, and finally to the influence of other instructional models like the TUTorial Automatic Computer (TUTAC) and the infamous paperclip computer, The Paper Computer Unfolded is the most thoroughly researched book available on the design and development of the CARDIAC, the LMC, and the IPC. Mark Jones Lorenzo's eminently readable book, which fuses the technical jargon of a computer manual with the prose of a true page-turner, also contains many example paper computer programs written in both machine and assembly language, code listings of emulators for all three machines, as well as cartoon illustrations paying homage to the innovative CARDIAC manual. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Make: FPGAs David Romano, 2016-02-29 What if you could use software to design hardware? Not just any hardware--imagine specifying the behavior of a complex parallel computer, sending it to a chip, and having it run on that chip--all without any manufacturing? With Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), you can design such a machine with your mouse and keyboard. When you deploy it to the FPGA, it immediately takes on the behavior that you defined. Want to create something that behaves like a display driver integrated circuit? How about a CPU with an instruction set you dreamed up? Or your very own Bitcoin miner You can do all this with FPGAs. Because you're not writing programs--rather, you're designing a chip whose sole purpose is to do what you tell it--it's faster than anything you can do in code. With Make: FPGAs, you'll learn how to break down problems into something that can be solved on an FPGA, design the logic that will run on your FPGA, and hook up electronic components to create finished projects. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Bell Laboratories Record Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1969 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Dp-ed , 1970 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Innovations in Instructional Technology J. Michael Spector, Celestia Ohrazda, Andrew Van Schaack, David A. Wiley, 2006-04-21 M. David Merrill has been active in the field of instructional technology for almost 40 years. His contributions range from basic instructional principles and instructional design theory to development and implementation of learning environments. Innovations in Instructional Technology is a collection of original essays written by leading scholars and practitioners who have worked with and been inspired by Professor Merrill. The chapters in this book represent a sampling of key innovations in the instructional technology field and include knowledge of how people learn, how people solve problems, how designers conceptualize learning spaces, how teachers implement learning activities, and how evaluators assess outcomes. This volume is divided into five basic areas of research in instructional technology, mirroring the diverse contributions of Dr. Merrill's work: *four chapters on learning objects and the notion of reusable components; *three chapters that discuss fundamental aspects of learning and the design of instruction; *three chapters that address innovations in the area of assessment, evaluation, and model validation; *three chapters that concern theories of learning and instruction; and *three chapters on instructional design practice. The book concludes with a chapter outlining Dr. Merrill's responses to challenges, comments, and questions on the future of the field--ranging from the notion of initial passions with regard to instructional technology to connections between theory and practice to questions of conscience--from an expert panel comprised of many of the contributors to the book. As Dave Merrill's work will continue to be required reading for students of instructional technology, Innovations in Instructional Technology is a book that will appeal to students, researchers, and practitioners in the field. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Automated Education Letter , 1969 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Roster of Organizations in the Field of Automatic Computer Machinery , 1969 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Educational Technology , 1969 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Reverse Acronyms, Initialisms, & Abbreviations Dictionary , 2009 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: InfoWorld , 1981-07-06 InfoWorld is targeted to Senior IT professionals. Content is segmented into Channels and Topic Centers. InfoWorld also celebrates people, companies, and projects. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Bell Telephone Magazine , 1967 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: OBSO1ESCENCE , 1969 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Proceedings of the Computer Science and Engineering Curricula Workshop IEEE Computer Society, 1977 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Data Processing for Education , 1968 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Datamation , 1969 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: EDN. , 1976 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Papers and Presentations Digital Equipment Computer Users Society, 1971 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Significant Developments in Local School Systems W.G. Fleming, 1972-12-15 This volume deals with innovative developments of many different kinds in the local school systems in the years up to 1970. Information was obtained from a sampling of school boards, including the largest. The major purpose is to show what may be expected from an educational organization that gives local authorities a certain amount of leeway to depart from standard procedures. Innovations in teaching, curricular experimentation, changes in the structure and use of school buildings, and the growth of special services are fully covered. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Gaming the Iron Curtain Jaroslav Svelch, 2023-09-19 How amateur programmers in 1980s Czechoslovakia discovered games as a medium, using them not only for entertainment but also as a means of self-expression. Aside from the exceptional history of Tetris, very little is known about gaming culture behind the Iron Curtain. But despite the scarcity of home computers and the absence of hardware and software markets, Czechoslovakia hosted a remarkably active DIY microcomputer scene in the 1980s, producing more than two hundred games that were by turns creative, inventive, and politically subversive. In Gaming the Iron Curtain, Jaroslav Švelch offers the first social history of gaming and game design in 1980s Czechoslovakia, and the first book-length treatment of computer gaming in any country of the Soviet bloc. Švelch describes how amateur programmers in 1980s Czechoslovakia discovered games as a medium, using them not only for entertainment but also as a means of self-expression. Sheltered in state-supported computer clubs, local programmers fashioned games into a medium of expression that, unlike television or the press, was neither regulated nor censored. In the final years of Communist rule, Czechoslovak programmers were among the first in the world to make activist games about current political events, anticipating trends observed decades later in independent or experimental titles. Drawing from extensive interviews as well as political, economic, and social history, Gaming the Iron Curtain tells a compelling tale of gaming the system, introducing us to individuals who used their ingenuity to be active, be creative, and be heard. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: The Timetable of Computers Donald D. Spencer, 1997 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications , 1972 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: The Best of Creative Computing David H. Ahl, Burchenal Green, 1978 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Introduction to Computer Science Peter M. Banks, J. R. Doupnik, 1976 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Papers Presented at ACM SIGCSE Second Symposium on Education in Computer Science , 1972 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Applied Science & Technology Index , 1997 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Interactions , 1994 A magazine for designers of interactive products. |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Interface Age , 1978 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Activity-oriented Mathematics William E. Schall, 1976 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Pacific Telephone Magazine , 1970 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: AEDS Monitor , 1971 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Mathematics Teaching Kenneth J. Travers, 1977 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Computers H. L. Capron, 1990 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: New Scientist , 2002 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary Mary Rose Bonk, 1996 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Computer Science and Education Ron Colman, Paul Lorton, 1976 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Report New Jersey. Dept. of Education, 1967 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Computers and Automation , 1970 June issues, 1955- contain Computer directory, 1955- |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Reverse Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary. Mary Rose Bonk, Regie Carlton, Gale Research Inc, 1997 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: EDN, Electrical Design News , 1976 |
| cardiac cardboard computer: Music, Computers & Software , 1988 |
Heart disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
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Nov 6, 2023 · Heart disease includes many diseases that affect your heart, but coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common and familiar one. CAD can create a waxy buildup in your …
CARDIAC Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of CARDIAC is of, relating to, situated near, or acting on the heart. How to use cardiac in a sentence.
Heart disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Aug 13, 2024 · Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Heart disease includes: Blood vessel disease, such as coronary artery disease. Irregular heartbeats, called …
What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association
Jan 10, 2024 · Cardiovascular disease can refer to a number of conditions: Heart and blood vessel disease, also called heart disease, includes numerous problems, many of which are …
The 12 most common heart and cardiovascular conditions • HRI
Heart and cardiovascular conditions are among the most common in the world. The umbrella term cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to all the diseases of the cardiovascular system – which …
Cardiovascular (Heart) Diseases: Types and Treatments - WebMD
Oct 29, 2024 · Cardiovascular disease is a group of conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. It's sometimes also called heart disease. Conditions that affect your heart and blood …
Cardiovascular system: Function, organs, conditions, and more
May 22, 2025 · Common conditions that can affect the cardiovascular system include coronary artery disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, and stroke. This article explores the …
Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes - Cleveland Clinic
Nov 6, 2023 · Heart disease includes many diseases that affect your heart, but coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common and familiar one. CAD can create a waxy buildup in your …
CARDIAC Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of CARDIAC is of, relating to, situated near, or acting on the heart. How to use cardiac in a sentence.
