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| causal comparative research study: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 To request a free 30-day online trial to this product, visit www.sagepub.com/freetrial Research design can be daunting for all types of researchers. At its heart it might be described as a formalized approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge—the success of which depends upon clearly defined objectives and appropriate choice of statistical tools, tests, and analysis to meet a project′s objectives. Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. Key Features Covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research Addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences Provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies Uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases Key Themes Descriptive Statistics Distributions Graphical Displays of Data Hypothesis Testing Important Publications Inferential Statistics Item Response Theory Mathematical Concepts Measurement Concepts Organizations Publishing Qualitative Research Reliability of Scores Research Design Concepts Research Designs Research Ethics Research Process Research Validity Issues Sampling Scaling Software Applications Statistical Assumptions Statistical Concepts Statistical Procedures Statistical Tests Theories, Laws, and Principles Types of Variables Validity of Scores The Encyclopedia of Research Design is the perfect instrument for new learners as well as experienced researchers to explore both the original and newest branches of the field. |
| causal comparative research study: Configurational Comparative Methods Benoît Rihoux, Charles C. Ragin, 2008-08-14 Configurational Comparative Methods paves the way for an innovative approach to empirical scientific work through a strategy that integrates key strengths of both qualitative (case-oriented) and quantitative (variable-oriented) approaches. This first-of-its-kind text is ideally suited for small-N or intermediate-N research situations, which both mainstream qualitative and quantitative methods find difficult to address. Benoît Rihoux and Charles C. Ragin, along with their contributing authors, offer both a basic, comparative research design overview and a technical and hands-on review of Crisp-Set QCA (csQCA), Multi-Value QCA (mvQCA), and Fuzzy-Set QCA (fsQCA). Key Features Discusses existing applications in many different fields and disciplines along with state-of-the-art coverage of the strengths and limitations of these techniques Demonstrates further inventive ways of using QCA techniques Provides advice on how to develop a comparative research design (case and variable selection) as well as a specific technique called MSDO/MDSO (most similar, different outcome/most different, same outcome). Shows how to perform the technical operations linked to three specific QCA techniques: csQCA, mvQCA, and fsQCA Includes a glossary, an extensive bibliography, and a detailed list of good practices at every stage of the research process Intended Audience A must for any student or researcher who wants to engage in systematic cross-case comparison in the social and behavioral sciences, the book is ideal for use in upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level social science research methods courses. |
| causal comparative research study: Action Research Craig A. Mertler, 2009 Become part of an online action research community Craig Mertler has recently created a wiki for action research. Click here to become part of this online community and begin exchanging ideas, questions/answers, and reflections about action research today! You can also follow Craig Mertler on Twitter @actionrsrchr, or listen to his podcasts here. Provides comprehensive coverage of action research methods without being unnecessarily technical The Second Edition of Action Research: Teachers as Researchers in the Classroom introduces practicing teachers to the process of conducting classroom-based action research. Written for the practicing educator, the focus is on conducting applied, classroom research. The book's practicality stems from its attention to research methods and procedures that teachers can use with their everyday instructional practices and classroom activities. New to the Second Edition Incorporates a discussion of rigor in classroom-based action research (Chapter 1) Presents several additional models of action research, including visuals of those models (Chapter 1) Discusses the activity of conducting reconnaissance (Chapters 2 and 3) Adds a third Action Research Portrait to illustrate how teachers conduct action research in response to their own classroom situations (Chapters 3-8) Provides a section that encourages educators to develop their own action research communities (Chapter 8) Simplifies the summaries of all nine chapters so that the main points and sub-points are more apparent Offers two new examples of complete action research reports in Appendixes A and B Now Accompanied by a Student Study Site! A new Student study site includes comprehensive study materials such as chapter summaries, practice tests, flashcards, and PowerPoint slides. Additional resources include Learning from SAGE Journal Articles, How to Read a Research Article, and an annotated research report for student reference. |
| causal comparative research study: Methods in Educational Research Marguerite G. Lodico, Dean T. Spaulding, Katherine H. Voegtle, 2006-03-31 Written for students, educators, and researchers, Methods in Educational Research offers a refreshing introduction to the principles of educational research. Designed for the real world of educational research, the book’s approach focuses on the types of problems likely to be encountered in professional experiences. Reflecting the importance of The No Child Left Behind Act , “scientifically based” educational research, school accountability, and the professional demands of the twenty-first century, Methods in Educational Research empowers educational researchers to take an active role in conducting research in their classrooms, districts, and the greater educational community—activities that are now not only expected but required of all teachers. |
| causal comparative research study: Educational Research Burke Johnson, Larry Christensen, 2008 Educational Research is a highly readable text that provides students with a clear and in-depth understanding of the different kinds of research--including technology-based--that are used in education today. The text introduces students to the fundamental logic of empirical research and explores the sources of research ideas. Detailed descriptions guide students through the design and implementation of actual research studies with a balanced examination of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research, serving as one of the book′s strongest features. While quantitative research strategies are covered extensively, the text also discusses various qualitative approaches such as ethnography, historical methods, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies. The authors present detailed, step-by-step coverage of the key elements of research, including sampling techniques, ethical considerations, data collection methods, measurement, judging validity, experimental and non-experimental methods, descriptive and inferential statistics, qualitative data analysis, and report preparation. |
| causal comparative research study: Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research Ronald C. Martella, J. Ron Nelson, Robert L. Morgan, Nancy E. Marchand-Martella, 2013-04-17 This user-friendly text takes a learn-by-doing approach to exploring research design issues in education and psychology, offering evenhanded coverage of quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and single-case designs. Readers learn the basics of different methods and steps for critically examining any study's design, data, and conclusions, using sample peer-reviewed journal articles as practice opportunities. The text is unique in featuring full chapters on survey methods, evaluation, reliability and validity, action research, and research syntheses. Pedagogical Features Include: *An exemplar journal article at the end of each methods chapter, together with questions and activities for critiquing it (including, where applicable, checklist forms to identify threats to internal and external validity), plus lists of additional research examples. *Research example boxes showing how studies are designed to address particular research questions. *In every chapter: numbered chapter objectives, bulleted summaries, subheadings written as questions, a running glossary, and end-of-chapter discussion questions. * Electronic Instructor's Resource Manual with Test Bank, provided separately--includes chapter outlines; answers to exercises, discussion questions, and illustrative example questions; and PowerPoints. |
| causal comparative research study: Statistical Methods for Comparative Studies Sharon Roe Anderson, Ariane Auquier, Walter W. Hauck, David Oakes, Walter Vandaele, Herbert I. Weisberg, 1980-08-08 Brings together techniques for the design and analysis of comparative studies. Methods include multivariate matching, standardization and stratification, analysis of covariance, logit analysis, and log linear analysis. Quantitatively assesses techniques' effectiveness in reducing bias. Discusses hypothesis testing, survival analysis, repeated measure design, and causal inference from comparative studies. |
| causal comparative research study: Introduction to Educational Research W. Newton Suter, 2012 W. Newton Suter argues that what is important in a changing education landscape is the ability to think clearly about research methods, reason through complex problems and evaluate published research. He explains how to evaluate data and establish its relevance. |
| causal comparative research study: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| causal comparative research study: Understanding Research Methods Michelle Newhart, Mildred L. Patten, 2023-06-05 In the eleventh edition of Understanding Research Methods: An Overview of the Essentials, Newhart and Patten leverage the principles of learning and content design to present the fundamentals students need to get started in research. Basics of quantitative and qualitative research are covered in short, independent topics and grouped into meaningful sections. A perennial bestseller for over ten editions, Understanding Research Methods focuses concisely on key concepts, and lessons in topics that are chunked to suit today’s students. Each topic ends with suggestions for planning a research project by answering topic-specific prompts in a research planning journal. Topic Review exercises encourage active learning. Finally, Topics for Discussion suggest open-ended prompts that could serve as conversation starters in the classroom or online. The final Part of the book offers guidance and activities specific to writing a research report. This section can be used to support the development of project-based assignments for courses, or it can be used independently to support senior thesis projects, master’s theses, dissertations, or articles for publication. Instructors, will appreciate the organization of Understanding Research Methods because it allows a great deal of customization and choice in which topics to cover and in what order to cover them, making it suitable for methodological training in a variety of courses and fields of study. Online digital materials support course development. New to this edition: Part introductions now include a part table of contents and list of keywords Newly expanded coverage of qualitative research New coverage on designing quantitative research Expanded material on sampling More simple graphs, charts, and illustrations emphasize and visualize Topic key points |
| causal comparative research study: Research Methodologies of School Psychology Ryan J. Kettler, 2019-04-08 Research Methodologies of School Psychology is a comprehensive, actionable resource that offers graduate students and school psychologists the knowledge and skills to apply key scientific techniques in practice. A volume in the Foundations of School Psychology Research and Practice Series, this book directly addresses the need for definitive resources on mastering research methodologies in the field. Covering topics such as development and evaluation of measures, application of various designs, and drawing inferences from data, Ryan J. Kettler provides rigorous yet accessible methodological guidance. Each chapter includes illustrative examples, summaries of essential learnings, and reflective concluding questions. Using these engaging and invaluable strategies, graduate students and school psychologists will be effectively prepared to apply the scientific method in their own professional contexts. |
| causal comparative research study: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| causal comparative research study: Introduction to Educational Research Craig A. Mertler, 2024-11-14 The Fourth Edition of Introduction to Educational Research by Craig A. Mertler guides readers through the steps of the research process to help them plan and execute research projects in educational settings. With balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods, an emphasis on ethics, and concrete applications of methods, this text offers a practical presentation of the research process. New to the Fourth Edition are more information on interviews throughout the book, expanded coverage of qualitative research, and a thoroughly updated chapter on action research. Three current research articles are included as appendices to demonstrate qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Comprehensive and student-friendly, Introduction to Educational Research uses conversational and nontechnical language to help students clearly understand and apply research concepts, principles, procedures, and terminology. |
| causal comparative research study: Counseling and Educational Research Rick A. Houser, 2019-02-26 Counseling and Educational Research: Evaluation and Application prepares readers to be good consumers and evaluators of research. Using concrete examples from published articles, author Rick A. Houser teaches students to take a systematic approach to evaluating professional literature critically and using it responsibly. The Fourth Edition covers evidence-based research, qualitative methods, program evaluation, and mixed methods; includes new discussions on how national accreditation standards in counseling (CACREP) and education (CAEP) apply to research; and examines how cultural influences can affect the research process. |
| causal comparative research study: Research Methodology and Scientific Writing C. George Thomas, 2021-02-24 This book presents a guide for research methodology and scientific writing covering various elements such as finding research problems, writing research proposals, obtaining funds for research, selecting research designs, searching the literature and review, collection of data and analysis, preparation of thesis, writing research papers for journals, citation and listing of references, preparation of visual materials, oral and poster presentation in conferences, and ethical issues in research . Besides introducing library and its various features in a lucid style, the latest on the use of information technology in retrieving and managing information through various means are also discussed in this book. The book is useful for students, young researchers, and professionals. |
| causal comparative research study: Nonparametric Statistics for Social and Behavioral Sciences M. Kraska-MIller, 2013-12-09 Incorporating a hands-on pedagogical approach, Nonparametric Statistics for Social and Behavioral Sciences presents the concepts, principles, and methods used in performing many nonparametric procedures. It also demonstrates practical applications of the most common nonparametric procedures using IBM’s SPSS software. This text is the only current nonparametric book written specifically for students in the behavioral and social sciences. Emphasizing sound research designs, appropriate statistical analyses, and accurate interpretations of results, the text: Explains a conceptual framework for each statistical procedure Presents examples of relevant research problems, associated research questions, and hypotheses that precede each procedure Details SPSS paths for conducting various analyses Discusses the interpretations of statistical results and conclusions of the research With minimal coverage of formulas, the book takes a nonmathematical approach to nonparametric data analysis procedures and shows students how they are used in research contexts. Each chapter includes examples, exercises, and SPSS screen shots illustrating steps of the statistical procedures and resulting output. |
| causal comparative research study: Conducting Research Lawrence T. Orcher, 2016-10-14 • Prepares students to conduct their first empirical research study, with quantitative and qualitative methods covered in detail. Common features as well as differences between the two research approaches are explored. • While theoretical material is included, the emphasis is on providing practical, easy-to-follow advice on how to conduct a first research project. • Unlike most texts with hypothetical examples, this text—with real examples written by a variety of published researchers—makes research methods come alive. Students see how research methods are used to explore important, contemporary problems. • Factual Questions at the end of each chapter help students review key concepts covered in the chapters. • Questions for Discussion encourage students to consider specific techniques and strategies that they might use while conducting their research. |
| causal comparative research study: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design Bruce B. Frey, 2022-01-27 The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design maps out how one makes decisions about research design, interprets data, and draws valid inferences, undertakes research projects in an ethical manner, and evaluates experimental design strategies and results. From A-to-Z, this four-volume work covers the spectrum of research design strategies and topics including, among other things: fundamental research design principles, ethics in the research process, quantitative versus qualitative and mixed-method designs, completely randomized designs, multiple comparison tests, diagnosing agreement between data and models, fundamental assumptions in analysis of variance, factorial treatment designs, complete and incomplete block designs, Latin square and related designs, hierarchical designs, response surface designs, split-plot designs, repeated measures designs, crossover designs, analysis of covariance, statistical software packages, and much more. Research design, with its statistical underpinnings, can be especially daunting for students and novice researchers. At its heart, research design might be described simply as a formalized approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge, the success of which depends upon clearly defined objectives and appropriate choice of statistical design and analysis to meet those objectives. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design will assist students and researchers with their work while providing vital information on research strategies. |
| causal comparative research study: How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education Jack R. Fraenkel, Norman E. Wallen, 2005-04 How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education provides a comprehensive introduction to educational research. Step-by-step analysis of real research studies provides students with practical examples of how to prepare their work and read that of others. End-of-chapter problem sheets, comprehensive coverage of data analysis, and information on how to prepare research proposals and reports make it appropriate both for courses that focus on doing research and for those that stress how to read and understand research. |
| causal comparative research study: Understanding Research Methods Mildred L. Patten, Michelle Newhart, 2017-06-26 A perennial bestseller since 1997, this updated tenth edition of Understanding Research Methods provides a detailed overview of all the important concepts traditionally covered in a research methods class. It covers the principles of both qualitative and quantitative research, and how to interpret statistics without computations, so is suitable for all students regardless of their math background. The book is organized so that each concept is treated independently and can be used in any order without resulting in gaps in knowledge—allowing it to be easily and precisely adapted to any course. It uses lively examples on contemporary topics to stimulate students’ interest, and engages them by showing the relevance of research methods to their everyday lives. Numerous case studies and end-of-section exercises help students master the material and encourage classroom discussion. The text is divided into short, independent topic sections, making it easy for you to adapt the material to your own teaching needs and customize assignments to the aspect of qualitative or quantitative methods under study—helping to improve students’ comprehension and retention of difficult concepts. Additional online PowerPoint slides and test bank questions make this a complete resource for introducing students to research methods. New to this edition: New topic section on design decisions in research Additional material on production of knowledge and research methods Significant development of material on ethical considerations in research Fresh and contemporary examples from a wide variety of real, published research Topic-specific exercises at the end of each section now include suggestions for further steps researchers can take as they build their research project. |
| causal comparative research study: Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology Donna M. Mertens, 2010 Focused on fully discussing what is considered to be good research, Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology explains quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, and incorporates the viewpoints of various research paradigms into its descriptions of these methods. The work covers four major paradigms: postpositivist, constructivist, transformative, and pragmatic. Special emphasis is provided on conducting research in culturally complex communities, based on the perspectives of feminists, ethnic/racial minorities, and people with disabilities. In each chapter, Donna M. Mertens carefully explains a step of the research process, from the literature review to analysis and reporting. Additionally, she includes a sample study and abstract in each chapter to illustrate the concepts discussed in that section of the book. Now in its third edition, Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology is perfect as a core text for research courses in departments of education, psychology, and sociology, as well as social work and other human services disciplines. It can be used by itself or in conjunction with other texts focusing on specific methodologies. Key Features Explains quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods in detail Covers four major paradigms: Postpositivist, constructivist, transformative, and pragmatic Emphasizes conducting research in culturally complex communities, based on the perspectives of feminist, ethnic/racial minorities, and people with disabilities Offers a step-by-step overview of the research process from literature review to analysis and reporting Presents sample studies and abstracts in each chapter to illustrate concepts New to this Edition Accompanied with a Student Web site with links to flashcards, mini-cases, and SAGE journal articles Produced in an attractive 2-color format Includes thoroughly updated examples and references to current developments in research methods, evaluation and cultural issues throughout the text Presents more details on mixed methods design Incorporates the third edition of the Program Evaluation Standards Presents universal design principles in data collection Offers more examples throughout the text Provides more ideas on how to write a literature review and to plan a dissertation Contains more pedagogy including Extending Your Thinking added throughout Gives additional depth to the pragmatic paradigm presented in Chapter 1 |
| causal comparative research study: Conducting Research Gül Seçkin, Lawrence T. Orcher, 2025-02-24 Conducting Research prepares students to conduct their first empirical research study, with quantitative and qualitative methods covered in detail. The emphasis is on providing practical, easy-to-follow advice on how to conduct a first research project. This book walks students through each step of the research process, from selecting a research topic and participants to analysing data and presenting research findings. Notably, the third edition places a heightened emphasis on digital social science research methods, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches. The primary focus is on providing practical and easily comprehensible guidance for successfully executing an empirical project for a research methods and design course. The updated real research examples serve to exemplify the application of research principles in an empirical social science research context, further enhancing the students' preparedness for their research project. Furthermore, the inclusion of enhanced online resources for both students and instructors renders this an ideal text for social sciences courses in multiple disciplines such as sociology, psychology, education, and healthcare. With online resources for students and instructors, this is the ideal text across the social sciences, such as sociology, psychology, healthcare and education. New to this edition: A new chapter on digital social science methods incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies A new chapter on research ethics to support the foundations of research knowledge All-new support materials available online for instructors and students |
| causal comparative research study: Dissertation Research Methods Philip Adu, D. Anthony Miles, 2023-09-11 Dissertation Research Methods: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing Up Your Research in the Social Sciences focuses specifically on the methodology for planning, writing and submitting your dissertation thesis. Written by two methodology experts in the social sciences, the book provides a step-by-step guide through each stage of the dissertation process. It covers all aspects of the methodological considerations needed, from choosing a topic or research question, developing a literature review, identifying research gaps, accessing potential study participants, utilizing the right sampling strategies, analyzing data and writing up findings. Readers are introduced to the main research methods normally used in dissertations and their characteristics, and they are guided to choose an appropriate research method for their study, provide a substantial description of the selected method and articulate strong arguments in support of it. The book is filled with templates, exemplars and tools to help students write about methodology in their thesis and to equip readers to successfully troubleshoot any methodology challenges they may face. This compact book will be of use to all graduate students and their supervisors in the Social Sciences and Education and Behavioural Sciences who are looking for a guide to working with robust and defensible methodological principles in their dissertation research and theses. |
| causal comparative research study: Research Methods for Criminology and Criminal Justice Dantzker, Ronald D. Hunter, Susan T. Quinn, 2016-12 Ideal for undergraduate or graduate-level courses, Research Methods for Criminology and Criminal Justice, Fourth Edition introduces students to the functions of criminal justice research including basic ideas behind scientific theory, research language, and research design. |
| causal comparative research study: Statistical Analysis for Education and Psychology Researchers Ian Peers, 2006-02-27 Basic statistical concepts such as probability, estimation and inference, and their role in research design and analysis are presented in this volume. The author demonstrates which statistical test to use in given circumstances and how to use it, drawing on data from psychology and education.; Written for those without a strong mathematical background, the book's examples can be worked using a pocket calculator. Real life data are analyzed using statistical software (SAS), output is interpreted, and a decision chart is presented which summarizes considerations when choosing a statistical test. |
| causal comparative research study: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation Bruce B. Frey, 2018-01-29 In an era of curricular changes and experiments and high-stakes testing, educational measurement and evaluation is more important than ever. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of traditional theories and methods, other entries discuss important sociopolitical issues and trends influencing the future of that research and practice. Textbooks, handbooks, monographs and other publications focus on various aspects of educational research, measurement and evaluation, but to date, there exists no major reference guide for students new to the field. This comprehensive work fills that gap, covering traditional areas while pointing the way to future developments. Features: Nearly 700 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes and available in choice of electronic and/or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of education research, measurement, and evaluation to more easily locate directly related entries. (For instance, sample themes include Data, Evaluation, Measurement Concepts & Issues, Research, Sociopolitical Issues, Standards.) Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross References to related entries. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross References will combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
| causal comparative research study: Understanding, Evaluating, and Conducting Second Language Writing Research Charlene Polio, Debra Friedman, 2016-11-18 Understanding, Evaluating, and Conducting Second Language Writing Research speaks to the rapidly growing area of second language writing by providing a uniquely balanced approach to L2 writing research. While other books favor either a qualitative or quantitative approach to second language acquisition (SLA) research, this text is comprehensive in scope and does not privilege one approach over the other, illuminating the strengths of each and the ways in which they might complement each other. It also provides equal weight to the cognitive and socio-cultural approaches to SLA. Containing an array of focal studies and suggestions for further reading, this text is the ideal resource for students beginning to conduct L2 writing research as well as for more experienced researchers who wish to expand their approach to conducting research. |
| causal comparative research study: Designing Research in the Social Sciences Martino Maggetti, Claudio Radaelli, Fabrizio Gilardi, 2012-12-18 This innovative research design text will help you make informed choices when carrying out your research project. Covering both qualitative and quantitative approaches, and with examples drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, the authors explain what is at stake when choosing a research design, and discuss the trade-offs that researchers have to make when considering issues such as: - causality - categories and classification - heterogeneity - interdependence - time This book will appeal to students and researchers looking for an in-depth understanding of research design issues to help them design their projects in a thoughtful and responsible way. |
| causal comparative research study: Research Methodologies of School Psychology Ryan J. Kettler, 2019-04-08 Research Methodologies of School Psychology is a comprehensive, actionable resource that offers graduate students and school psychologists the knowledge and skills to apply key scientific techniques in practice. A volume in the Foundations of School Psychology Research and Practice Series, this book directly addresses the need for definitive resources on mastering research methodologies in the field. Covering topics such as development and evaluation of measures, application of various designs, and drawing inferences from data, Ryan J. Kettler provides rigorous yet accessible methodological guidance. Each chapter includes illustrative examples, summaries of essential learnings, and reflective concluding questions. Using these engaging and invaluable strategies, graduate students and school psychologists will be effectively prepared to apply the scientific method in their own professional contexts. |
| causal comparative research study: Comparative Area Studies Ariel I. Ahram, Patrick Köllner, Rudra Sil, 2018-01-03 In the post-World War II era, the emergence of 'area studies' marked a signal development in the social sciences. As the social sciences evolved methodologically, however, many dismissed area studies as favoring narrow description over general theory. Still, area studies continues to plays a key, if unacknowledged, role in bringing new data, new theories, and valuable policy-relevant insights to social sciences. In Comparative Area Studies, three leading figures in the field have gathered an international group of scholars in a volume that promises to be a landmark in a resurgent field. The book upholds two basic convictions: that intensive regional research remains indispensable to the social sciences and that this research needs to employ comparative referents from other regions to demonstrate its broader relevance. Comparative Area Studies (CAS) combines the context-specific insights from traditional area studies and the logic of cross- and inter-regional empirical research. This first book devoted to CAS explores methodological rationales and illustrative applications to demonstrate how area-based expertise can be fruitfully integrated with cutting-edge comparative analytical frameworks. |
| causal comparative research study: Research and Evaluation Methods in Special Education Donna M. Mertens, 2003-09-10 In an era when government policy emphasizes ′scientifically based research′ (No Child Left Behind), this book provides an important resource in understanding what this means. Diane Browder, Snyder Distinguished Professor of Special Education University of North Carolina, Charlotte This is a superb book. I learned by reading it, and I found myself rethinking some of my own thinking about research on individuals with disabilities. James E. Ysseldyke, Professor University of Minnesota Learn how research can lead to improved skills and contribute to successful lives. When face-to-face with the challenge of providing special needs children with a quality education, teachers and other educators are often met with the dilemma of inadequate research on the topic, or they are uninformed that a framework for critically analyzing and conducting special education research exists. Research-based practice is a powerful tool for success, as it can inform educators and others about educational strategies that work. Research and Evaluation Methods in Special Education is intended to enable educators to design, conduct, and report research and evaluation in a way that transforms special education by addressing the needs of persons with disabilities as heterogeneous, cultural groups. This text provides practical guidance for: Planning research and evaluation Addressing the implications of legislation and program evaluation Using empirically based data for decision-making in a variety of settings Assessing additional research needs in areas such as standards-based reforms, personnel development, family involvement, and new and developing topics in special education Using quantitative research methods, including casual comparative, correlational, single case, and survey research Using qualitative methods, including identification and selection of research participants, information collection, and more This excellent resource provides an approach to research and evaluation that helps educators better understand and address the needs of students with various disabilities, including blindness, mental retardation, deafness, learning disabilities, and more. |
| causal comparative research study: Quantitative Nursing Research Thomas R. Knapp, 1998-05-13 You may stop looking now. Quantitative Nursing Research is the answer to the prayers of graduate students and practitioners who have sought the key to this often intimidating subject. In this highly readable (dare we say enjoyable?) work, Thomas R. Knapp guides the reader through the basic definitions, fundamentals of design, and techniques of quantitative research |
| causal comparative research study: The Effects of Religious Preference and the Frequency of Spirituality on the Retention and Attrition Rates Among Injured Soldiers Steven L. Jordan, 2008-02 Using a quantitative causal-comparative approach, the researcher conducted a relational study that compared injured and rehabilitated soldiers with no religious foundation to similar soldiers possessing religious preferences and spirituality. The two primary research questions were (a) Does religious preference and spirituality have a positive impact on the retention and attrition rates of injured soldiers? (b) Does an injured soldier's frequency of spirituality increase the likelihood of being returned to initial-entry training? The study addressed several possible variables; among these were the importance of religious preference and spirituality in returning injured soldiers to training; the determination of a soldier's level of spirituality and its healing impact; spirituality's effect on the injured soldier's psychotherapy, and other related demographic factors. |
| causal comparative research study: Educational Research Norman E. Wallen, Jack R. Fraenkel, 2013-03-07 Educational Research: A Guide to the Process is a different kind of research text. It emphasizes the process of research, that is, what researchers actually do as they go about designing and carrying out their research activities. Rather than passively reading about research operations, it promotes content mastery by using a three-step pedagogical model that involves: a manageable chunk of text, a comprehension or application exercise, and author feedback on the exercise. The text contains approximately 150 of these exercise-feedback units. The second edition has been thoroughly updated, expanded from 15 to 20 chapters, and reorganized into two parts. Part I covers basic aspects of the research process, provides an example of a student research proposal, and shows how to evaluate a research report. Part II provides a separate chapter for each research methodology, including two chapters on qualitative research. Other noteworthy changes include more annotated studies and more visual illustrations of statistical and research methods. |
| causal comparative research study: Growing Information: Part I Eli B. Cohen, 2009 |
| causal comparative research study: Writing a Successful Thesis Or Dissertation Fred C. Lunenburg, Beverly J. Irby, 2008 This comprehensive manual offers direction for every step of the thesis or dissertation process, from choosing an appropriate topic to adapting the finished work for publication. |
| causal comparative research study: What Matters in a Research to Practice Cycle? Christine Grima-Farrell, 2016-09-07 This book introduces a comprehensive RTP Model that reframes research to practice knowledge and inclusive education philosophy to promote the sustained use of research to promote and enhance meaningful education for all students. |
| causal comparative research study: Comparative-Historical Methods Matthew Lange, 2012-11-29 This bright, engaging title provides a thorough and integrated review of comparative-historical methods. It sets out an intellectual history of comparative-historical analysis and presents the main methodological techniques employed by researchers, including: Comparative-historical analysis, Case-based methods, Comparative methods Data, case selection & theory Matthew Lange has written a fresh, easy to follow introduction which showcases classic analyses, offers clear methodological examples and describes major methodological debates. It is a comprehensive, grounded book which understands the learning and research needs of students and researchers. |
| causal comparative research study: Educational Research R. Burke Johnson, Larry Christensen, 2019-08-29 Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches by R. Burke Johnson and Larry Christensen offers a comprehensive, easily digestible introduction to research methods for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will develop an understanding of the multiple research methods and strategies used in education and related fields, including how to read and critically evaluate published research and how to write a proposal, construct a questionnaire, and conduct an empirical research study on their own. The Seventh Edition maintains the features that made this book a best-seller, including attention-grabbing chapter-opening vignettes, lively examples that engage student interest, a conversational and friendly writing style, and more. With the support of this highly readable text, readers will transform into critical consumers and users of research. FREE DIGITAL TOOLS INCLUDED WITH THIS TEXT SAGE edge gives instructors and students the edge they need to succeed with an array of teaching and learning tools in one easy-to-navigate website. Learn more: |
| causal comparative research study: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
CAUSAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of CAUSAL is expressing or indicating cause : causative. How to use causal in a sentence.
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CAUSAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
CAUSAL definition: 1. a relationship, link, etc. between two things in which one causes the other: 2. a relationship…. Learn more.
Causality - Wikipedia
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least …
causal adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of causal adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
CAUSAL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If there is a causal relationship between two things, one thing is responsible for causing the other thing.
causal, adj. & n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English …
There are six meanings listed in OED's entry for the word causal. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.
CAUSAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
See examples of CAUSAL used in a sentence.
causal - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jan 18, 2025 · causal (comparative more causal, superlative most causal) of, relating to, or being a cause of something; causing There is no causal relationship between eating carrots and …
Causal - definition of causal by The Free Dictionary
causal - involving or constituting a cause; causing; "a causal relationship between scarcity and higher prices"
CAUSAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of CAUSAL is expressing or indicating cause : causative. How to use causal in a sentence.
Causal: The finance platform for startups
Causal replaces your spreadsheets with a better way to build models, connect to data (accounting, CRM), and share dashboards with your team. Sign up for free.
CAUSAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
CAUSAL definition: 1. a relationship, link, etc. between two things in which one causes the other: 2. a relationship…. Learn more.
Causality - Wikipedia
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least …
causal adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of causal adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
CAUSAL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If there is a causal relationship between two things, one thing is responsible for causing the other thing.
causal, adj. & n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English …
There are six meanings listed in OED's entry for the word causal. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.
CAUSAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
See examples of CAUSAL used in a sentence.
causal - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jan 18, 2025 · causal (comparative more causal, superlative most causal) of, relating to, or being a cause of something; causing There is no causal relationship between eating carrots and …
Causal - definition of causal by The Free Dictionary
causal - involving or constituting a cause; causing; "a causal relationship between scarcity and higher prices"
