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| arteries of the head diagram: The Cerebral Circulation Marilyn J. Cipolla, 2016-07-28 This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Anatomy Coloring Workbook I. Edward Alcamo, 2003 Designed to help students gain a clear and concise understanding of anatomy, this interactive approach is far more efficient than the textbook alternatives. Students as well as numerous other professionals, have found the workbook to be a helpful way to learn and remember the anatomy of the human body. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Lessons in Elementary Anatomy St. George Jackson Mivart, 1873 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Oxygen Sensing , 2004-05-10 The ability of cells to sense and respond to changes in oxygenation underlies a multitude of developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. This volume provides a comprehensive compendium of experimental approaches to the study of oxygen sensing in 48 chapters that are written by leaders in their fields. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Heath's Practical Anatomy Christopher Heath, 1893 1999. Gift of Forde A. McIver, M.D. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Human Anatomy John Cleland, John Yule Mackay, 1896 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Clinical Anatomy of the Head J. Lang, 2012-12-06 This volume on the clinical anatomy of the neurocranium, the orbit and the craniocervical junction is intended to provide a precise and detailed account for the use of neurosurgeons, otorhinolaryngologists, neuroradiologists and roentgenologists. In recent years diagnostic tech niques and the scope of surgical intervention have broadened and have become increasingly refined. Many procedures are nowadays carried out with the aid of magnifying lenses and operat ing microscopes which bring diminutive structures into the range of the surgeon's hand and eye. This means that an atlas of the clinical anatomy of the head must give the surgeon working with the operating microscope and the diagnostician using sophisticated equipment full details of the morphology relevant to the scope of each specialty. It would be a fascinating task to depict all the structures of the orbit and the head from the skull base upwards, but any such plan would have required a photoatlas in several volumes. For this reason I have confined myself to medical problems of current importance. In this volume I have included numerous variations which I have myself encountered, so as to underline the diversity of human anatomy. A more comprehensive presentation of the findings and the structures of the head will be published in the three volumes of LANZ-WACHSMUTH. All the dissections illustrated in this book were prepared and photographed by myself. |
| arteries of the head diagram: A Text-book of Human Anatomy Alexander Macalister, 1889 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography Anne G. Osborn, 1999 Dr. Osborn's classic work, An Introduction to Cerebral Angiography, has now been completely revised, reorganized, and updated and expanded from an introductory book into a comprehensive, state-of-the-art reference on cerebral angiography. Coverage includes new information on vascular territories, film subtraction, and magnetic resonance angiography. The text is thoroughly illustrated with 1,200 radiographs and line drawings, all of them new to this volume. Boxed summaries are used throughout the text to highlight key points. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Practical Anatomy Christopher Heath, 1893 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Textbook of Head and Neck Anatomy James L. Hiatt, 2020-03-18 Now in full color, the Fourth Edition of this classic text combines concise yet complete coverage of head and neck anatomy with superb photographs, drawings, and tables to provide students with a thorough understanding of this vital subject. This edition contains basic anatomic information not found in other specialized textbooks of head and neck anatomy. It details structures of the oral cavity from an oral examination point of view to promote the practical application of fundamental anatomic concepts. Other features include Clinical Considerations boxes that highlight the clinical significance of anatomy, a discussion of the anatomic basis of local anesthesia and lymphatic drainage, and an embryological account of head and neck development. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Elements of Human Anatomy Tobias Gibson Richardson, 1867 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts Richard E. Klabunde, 2005 This uniquely readable, compact, and concise monograph lays a foundation of knowledge of the underlying concepts of normal cardiovascular function. Students welcome the book's broad overview as a practical partner or alternative to a more mechanistically oriented approach or an encyclopedic physiology text. Especially clear explanations, ample illustrations, a helpful glossary of terms, tutorials, and chapter-opening learning objectives provide superb guidance for self-directed learning and help fill the gap in many of today's abbreviated physiology blocks. A focus on well-established cardiovascular principles reflects recent, widely accepted cardiovascular research. The supplemental CD-ROM is an interactive, dynamically linked version of the book, which is organized by normal cardiovascular function and cardiac disease. Students may begin a path of questioning with, for example, a disease condition and then pursue background information through a series of links. Students can also link to the author's regularly updated Web site for additional clinical information. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Anatomy & Physiology Lindsay Biga, Devon Quick, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Jon Runyeon, 2019-09-26 A version of the OpenStax text |
| arteries of the head diagram: Orthopaedics and Trauma Pablo Slullitel, Luciano Rossi, Gastón Camino-Willhuber, 2024-06-05 This book provides an easy-going, high-quality and updated work focused on the most common diagnoses of Traumatology and Orthopaedics. It's structured with several sub-headings, including bullet-point tips for basic concepts. Each chapter is focused on a specific pathology and includes the following sub-headings: short introduction, applied anatomy and physiology, prevalence, classification, diagnosis (including anamnesis, physical examination and complementary imaging, from plain x-ray to cross-sectional imaging), treatment (conservative-surgical options), controversies, complications, future directions and author’s preference for treatment apart from references. Orthopaedics and Trauma - Current Concepts will be an inspiration to the young orthopaedic resident, fellow or even general orthopaedic surgeon and senior medical student. It will definitely help with their careers and also be a useful tool to prepare for the board certified orthopaedic examination. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck E-Book Margaret J. Fehrenbach, Susan W. Herring, 2020-09-25 - NEW! Evidence-based research covers brain tissue layers and local anesthesia target areas. - NEW! Coverage of the underlying relationship to patient systemic and oral conditions includes topics such as strokes, fractures, serious dental infections, and facial paralysis. - NEW! Imaging techniques are updated with the latest protocols and guidelines. - NEW! Clinical Considerations link more of the content to practical application. - NEW! Easier-to-use pronunciation guide and updated structure mapping are tied to chapter objectives and to the CDA and NBDHE test blueprints. - NEW! Student workbook reinforces learning with a wealth of practice opportunities such as review questions, identification exercises, case studies, and flash cards. Available separately. |
| arteries of the head diagram: A description of the human body: its structure and functions John Marshall, 1860 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Practical anatomy; a manual of dissections Christopher Heath, 1893 |
| arteries of the head diagram: The Sutures of the Skull Mehmet Turgut, R. Shane Tubbs, Ahmet T. Turgut, Aaron S. Dumont, 2021-06-02 This book provides an in-depth review of the sutures of the skull. The premature closure of the sutures of the skull (craniosynostosis) due to genetic or metabolic etiologies results in typical progressive skull deformity, due to both the inhibition of growth caused by the affected cranial suture and associated compensatory expansion of the skull along the open ones. Today, it is well known that early diagnosis of craniosynostosis is crucial for the best surgical outcomes and for the normal development of the brain and cosmetic appearance of the skull. As such, in addition to the anatomy, biology, genetics and embryology of the sutures of the skull, the book also covers the diagnosis and treatment of different forms of craniosynostosis such as metopism, and animal models for cranial suture research. This comprehensive work is a valuable resource for neuroscientists at all levels, from graduate students to researchers, as well as neurosurgeons, neuroanatomists, pediatricians, and neurologists seeking both basic and more advanced information on the unique structure of the sutures of the human skull. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Arun Deep’s Self-Help to ICSE Biology Class 10 : 2025-26 Edition (Based on Latest ICSE Syllabus) Sunil Manchanda, 2025-03-01 “Arun Deep’s Self-Help to ICSE Biology Class 10” has been meticulously crafted to meet the specific needs of 10th-grade ICSE students. This resource is designed to comprehensively guide students in preparing for exams effectively, ensuring the attainment of higher grades. The primary aim of this book is to assist any ICSE student in achieving the best possible grade by providing continuous support throughout the course and offering valuable advice on revision and exam preparation. The material is presented in a clear and concise format, featuring ample practice questions. Key Features: Chapter At a Glance: This section provides necessary study material supported by definitions, facts, figures, flowcharts, etc. Solved Questions: The condensed version is followed by solved questions and illustrative numericals along with their answers/solutions. Answers to Textbook Questions: This book includes answers to questions found in the Concise Biology Class 10 textbook. Previous Year Question Papers: It incorporates questions and answers from previous year ICSE Board Question Papers. Competency-based Questions: Special questions based on the pattern of Olympiads and other competitions are included to expose students to various question formats. Experiments and Sample Question Papers: The book is complete with experiments and two sample question papers based on the exam pattern and syllabus. Latest ICSE Specimen Question Paper: At the end of the book, there are the latest ICSE specimen question papers. In conclusion, “Self-Help to ICSE Biology for Class 10” provides all the necessary materials for examination success and will undoubtedly guide students on the path to success. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Arun Deep's Self-Help to ICSE Biology Class 10 : 2023-24 Edition (Based on Latest ICSE Syllabus) Sunil Manchanda, Sister Nancy, Self-Help to ICSE Biology Class 10 has been written keeping in mind the needs of students studying in 10th ICSE. This book has been made in such a way that students will be fully guided to prepare for the exam in the most effective manner, securing higher grades. The purpose of this book is to aid any ICSE student to achieve the best possible grade in the exam. This book will give you support during the course as well as advice you on revision and preparation for the exam itself. The material is presented in a clear & concise form and there are ample questions for practice. KEY FEATURES Chapter At a glance : It contains the necessary study material well supported by Definitions, Facts, Figure, Flow Chart, etc. Solved Questions : The condensed version is followed by Solved Questions and Illustrative Numerical’s along with their Answers/Solutions. This book also includes the Answers to the Questions given in the Textbook of Concise Biology Class 10. Questions from the previous year Question papers. This book includes Questions and Answers of the previous year asked Questions from I.C.S.E. Board Question Papers. Competency based Question : It includes some special questions based on the pattern of olympiad and other competitions to give the students a taste of the questions asked in competitions. To make this book complete in all aspects, Experiments and 2 Sample Questions Papers based on the exam pattern & Syllabus have also been given. At the end of book, there are Latest I.C.S.E Specimen Question Paper. At the end it can be said that Self-Help to ICSE Biology for 10th class has all the material required for examination and will surely guide students to the Way to Success. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Cunningham's Manual of Practical Anatomy VOL 2 Thorax and Abdomen Rachel Koshi, 2017 The new 16th edition of Cunningham's has been thoroughly revised for the modern-day anatomy student. Each dissection reflects current medical school curriculum and teaching. Completely updated throughout, full colour artwork and new images bring the friendly explanations to life. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Anatomy Coloring Workbook, 4th Edition The Princeton Review, Edward Alcamo, 2017-06-13 An Easier and Better Way to Learn Anatomy. The Anatomy Coloring Workbook, 4th Edition uses the act of coloring to provide you with a clear and concise understanding of anatomy. This interactive approach takes less time than rote memorization, and thoroughly fixes anatomical concepts in your mind for easier visual recall later. An invaluable resource for students of anatomy, physiology, biology, psychology, nursing & nutrition, medicine, fitness education, art, and more, the Anatomy Coloring Workbook includes: • 126 coloring plates with precise, easy-to-follow renderings of anatomical structures • Comprehensive explanations of the pictured structures and anatomical concepts • An introductory section on terminology to get you started and coloring suggestions to assist you • A glossary of common anatomical terms for quick reference • New injury & ailment appendices, with additional memorization techniques The includes the following sections: • Introduction to Anatomy • The Integumentary System • The Skeletal System • The Muscular System • The Nervous System • The Endocrine System • The Circulatory System • The Lymphatic System • The Digestive System • The Respiratory System • The Urinary System • The Reproductive System |
| arteries of the head diagram: The Anatomist's Vade Mecum ... Second edition Sir Erasmus Wilson, 1873 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Yonsei Medical Journal , 2010 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Path Of Knowledge To Medical Analysis emad wageh korany mohamed, 2022-01-01 the book contain all information and knowledge that you need to be medical analysis specialist the book contain 23 chapter covering all department of medical analysis in all kind of laboratories |
| arteries of the head diagram: Noninvasive Physiological Measurement James C. Lin, 2024-05-08 This book explains the principles and techniques of microwave physiological sensing and introduces fundamental results of the noninvasive sensing of physiological signatures, vital signs, as well as life detection. Specifically, noninvasive microwave techniques for contact, contactless, and remote sensing of circulatory and respiratory movements and physiological volume changes are discussed. Noninvasive Physiological Measurement: Wireless Microwave Sensing, is written by a pioneering researcher in microwave noninvasive physiological sensing and leading global expert in microwaves in biology and medicine. The book reviews current advances in noninvasive cardiopulmonary sensing technology and measurement. It includes measurements of the vital signs and physiological signatures from laboratory and clinical testing. The book discusses the applicable domains and scenarios in which there is an interaction of radio frequency (RF) and microwaves with biological matter in gas, fluid, or solid form, both from inside and outside of the human or animal body. The book also provides examples for healthcare monitoring and diagnostic applications through wearables, devices, or remote contactless sensors for physiological signals and signature, vital signs, and body motion sensing. This book is an essential guide to understanding the human body’s interaction with microwaves and noninvasive physiological sensing and monitoring. This book is intended for researchers and professionals in biomedical, electrical, and computer engineering with an interest in antenna, sensors, microwaves, signal processing, and medical applications. It will also be of interest to healthcare professionals, technologists, and practitioners interested in noninvasive physiological sensing and patient monitoring. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Cunningham's Manual of Practical Anatomy VOL 3 Head and Neck Rachel Koshi, 2018 The new 16th edition of Cunningham's has been thoroughly revised for the modern day anatomy student. Each dissection reflects current medical school curriculum and teaching. Completely updated throughout, full colour artwork and new images bring the friendly explanations to life. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Schematic Anatomy, Or, Diagrams, Tables and Notes Treating of the Association and Systematic Arrangement of Structural Details of Human Anatomy William P. MEARS, 1882 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Practical Anatomy: a Manual of Dissections Christopher Heath, 2023-02-16 Reprint of the original, first published in 1874. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Surgical Operations Sir William MacCormac (1st bart.), 1891 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Human Anatomy , 1893 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Lessons in Elementary Anatomy George Mivart, 2023-09-30 Reprint of the original, first published in 1873. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Human Anatomy Sir Henry Morris, 1899 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Oral Anatomy Harry Sicher, 1965 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Surgical Handicraft Walter Pye, 1885 |
| arteries of the head diagram: Imaging Musculoskeletal Trauma Andrea Donovan, Mark E. Schweitzer, 2012-10-03 Offers a well-designed approach to imaging musculoskeletal trauma Medical imaging plays an important role in identifying fractures and helping the patient return to regular activities as soon as possible. But in order to identify the fracture, and describe all the relevant associated injuries, the radiologist first needs to understand normal anatomy and the mechanisms of fractures. Imaging Musculoskeletal Trauma reviews common fracture and dislocation mechanisms and provides up-to-date guidelines on the use and interpretation of imaging tests. Designed for use by professionals in radiology, orthopedics, emergency medicine, and sports medicine, this book offers a concise, systematic approach to imaging musculoskeletal trauma. Replete with easily accessible information, including well-designed tables and lists, the book features radiology report checklists for each anatomic site, numerous radiographs and CT and MRI images, simple illustrations for common fracture classification schemes, examples of common and serious injuries in the musculoskeletal system, and a chapter devoted to fracture complications including complications relating to the use of hardware in treating injuries. This well-designed guide teaches professional and student users to: Identify normal anatomy relevant to interpretation in musculoskeletal studies Describe common fracture and dislocation mechanisms Describe fractures using appropriate terminology Recommend appropriate imaging studies for various clinical situations Use a systematic approach to interpret imaging studies Provide a clear and relevant radiology report Recognize complications associated with fractures and fracture treatment Complete with on-call issues, common traumas, and specially highlighted do-not-miss fractures, this is an invaluable resource for everyone involved with the imaging of musculoskeletal trauma. |
| arteries of the head diagram: The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System Edith Applegate, 2014-09-29 Who said learning A&P can't be fun? The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System, 4th Edition makes it easy to learn normal structure and function of the body, and summarizes the common disorders found in each body system. Written by well-known educator Edith Applegate, this book combines clear, crisp writing with hundreds of vibrant illustrations. This edition includes a stronger emphasis on medical vocabulary, so you understand key terms before you learn anatomy. A wide array of engaging features simplifies physiology concepts, and an Evolve website supports the book with a wealth of new learning opportunities. Even if you have little or no background in science, you will learn the A&P you need to enter your career! - A clear and concise writing style makes the book easy to read and understand, even if you have a limited background in science. - Quick Check questions let you check your comprehension at various points within a chapter. - Chapter quizzes provide recall, thought, and application questions to check your understanding of A&P concepts. - An Evolve website includes online tutoring, a Body Spectrum coloring book, Anatomy & Physiology Pioneers boxes with brief biographies of trailblazers in science and medicine, 3-D animations, an audio glossary, Spanish pronunciations of key terms, and frequently asked questions. - Outlines and objectives at the beginning of each chapter help you prioritize your study. - Key terms are highlighted to help you analyze, pronounce, and spell important medical words. - A glossary provides definitions and a pronunciation guide for key terms. - Functional Relationships pages illustrate the connection between each individual system and the other body systems, showing how all systems work together. - Representative Disorders describe the common health issues associated with each body system. - Focus on Aging boxes describe the effects of aging on body systems. - Quick Applications boxes connect the material to real-world scenarios. - From the Pharmacy boxes describe common medications for each body system and include a brief description of the drug and its action, common uses, and abbreviations. - 100 new high-quality illustrations help you visualize anatomical features and physiological processes. - Chapter summaries and vocabulary quizzes have been added to the end of each chapter. - New Building Your Medical Vocabulary section covers the history of medical words, giving you the building blocks to use and recognize new terms. |
| arteries of the head diagram: Equine Veterinary Nursing Manual Karen Coumbe, 2008-04-15 Endorsed by the British Equine Veterinary Association, this book aims to cover the syllabus for the new RCVS equine veterinary nursing certificate. It covers subjects such as medical and surgical equine nursing, basic equine management and the theory underpinning these topics. It also includes chapters on nutrition, imaging and anatomy and physiology not previously well covered for the equine at a level appropriate for nurses. The approach is practical and the book is laid out in a user-friendly manner with copious illustrations. |
| arteries of the head diagram: The Science and Art of Midwifery William Thompson Lusk, 1885 |
Arteries: What They Are, Anatomy & Function - Cleveland Clinic
Arteries, a critical part of your cardiovascular system, are blood vessels that distribute oxygen-rich blood to your entire body. These tube-like vessels and the muscles inside them ensure your …
Arteries of the Body: Picture, Anatomy, Definition & More - Healthline
Feb 26, 2019 · Arterioles connect to capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels and are where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the cells of …
Artery - Wikipedia
The arterial system of the human body is divided into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart …
Artery | Structure, Function & Types | Britannica
Arteries are muscular and elastic tubes that must transport blood under a high pressure exerted by the pumping action of the heart.
Arteries: Types and Function, Compared to Veins - Verywell Health
Aug 1, 2024 · Arteries can be thought of as a system of pipes that branch into narrower blood vessels, called arterioles, until reaching capillaries, where oxygen exchange occurs. Arteries …
Major Arteries of the Body: The Aorta, Head, Neck & Torso - MedicineNet
Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The different types of arteries include: Elastic arteries: are also called conducting arteries that have a thick middle layer that …
Arteries: Structure, Types, Functions & Common Diseases
Sep 30, 2024 · Arteries are thick-walled, muscular, and valveless blood vessels. Anatomically, the wall of the artery is made of three layers, the tunica externa, the tunica media, and the tunica …
Arteries: Function, anatomy, and types - Medical News Today
Feb 28, 2022 · Arteries are blood vessels. Most carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to various organs and tissues. Arteries are a part of the circulatory system, along with the heart and other …
Anatomy, Arteries - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Mar 6, 2023 · Arteries make up tubelike structures responsible for transporting fluid (i.e., blood for the circulatory system and lymph for the lymphatic system) to and from every organ in the …
Arteries: Function, Types, and Anatomy - Healthgrades
Jun 30, 2022 · Arteries are a type of blood vessel that help carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They are part of your vascular system, commonly called the circulatory …
Arteries: What They Are, Anatomy & Function - Cleveland Clinic
Arteries, a critical part of your cardiovascular system, are blood vessels that distribute oxygen-rich blood to your entire body. These tube-like vessels and the muscles inside them ensure your …
Arteries of the Body: Picture, Anatomy, Definition & More - Healthline
Feb 26, 2019 · Arterioles connect to capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels and are where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the cells of …
Artery - Wikipedia
The arterial system of the human body is divided into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart …
Artery | Structure, Function & Types | Britannica
Arteries are muscular and elastic tubes that must transport blood under a high pressure exerted by the pumping action of the heart.
Arteries: Types and Function, Compared to Veins - Verywell Health
Aug 1, 2024 · Arteries can be thought of as a system of pipes that branch into narrower blood vessels, called arterioles, until reaching capillaries, where oxygen exchange occurs. Arteries …
Major Arteries of the Body: The Aorta, Head, Neck & Torso - MedicineNet
Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The different types of arteries include: Elastic arteries: are also called conducting arteries that have a thick middle layer that …
Arteries: Structure, Types, Functions & Common Diseases
Sep 30, 2024 · Arteries are thick-walled, muscular, and valveless blood vessels. Anatomically, the wall of the artery is made of three layers, the tunica externa, the tunica media, and the tunica …
Arteries: Function, anatomy, and types - Medical News Today
Feb 28, 2022 · Arteries are blood vessels. Most carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to various organs and tissues. Arteries are a part of the circulatory system, along with the heart and other …
Anatomy, Arteries - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Mar 6, 2023 · Arteries make up tubelike structures responsible for transporting fluid (i.e., blood for the circulatory system and lymph for the lymphatic system) to and from every organ in the …
Arteries: Function, Types, and Anatomy - Healthgrades
Jun 30, 2022 · Arteries are a type of blood vessel that help carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They are part of your vascular system, commonly called the circulatory …
