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| akhenaten and moses theory: Moses and Akhenaten Ahmed Osman, 2002-10-01 A reinterpretation of biblical and Egyptian history that shows Moses and the Pharaoh Akhenaten to be one and the same. • Provides dramatic evidence from both archaeological and documentary sources. • A radical challenge to long-established beliefs on the origin of Semitic religion. During his reign, the Pharaoh Akhenaten was able to abolish the complex pantheon of the ancient Egyptian religion and replace it with a single god, the Aten, who had no image or form. Seizing on the striking similarities between the religious vision of this “heretic” pharaoh and the teachings of Moses, Sigmund Freud was the first to argue that Moses was in fact an Egyptian. Now Ahmed Osman, using recent archaeological discoveries and historical documents, contends that Akhenaten and Moses were one and the same man. In a stunning retelling of the Exodus story, Osman details the events of Moses/Akhenaten's life: how he was brought up by Israelite relatives, ruled Egypt for seventeen years, angered many of his subjects by replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon with worship of the Aten, and was forced to abdicate the throne. Retreating to the Sinai with his Egyptian and Israelite supporters, he died out of the sight of his followers, presumably at the hands of Seti I, after an unsuccessful attempt to regain his throne. Osman reveals the Egyptian components in the monotheism preached by Moses as well as his use of Egyptian royal ritual and Egyptian religious expression. He shows that even the Ten Commandments betray the direct influence of Spell 125 in the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Moses and Akhenaten provides a radical challenge to long-standing beliefs concerning the origin of Semitic religion and the puzzle of Akhenaten's deviation from ancient Egyptian tradition. In fact, if Osman's contentions are correct, many major Old Testament figures would be of Egyptian origin. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Moses the Egyptian Jan Assmann, 2009-06-30 Standing at the very foundation of monotheism, and so of Western culture, Moses is a figure not of history, but of memory. As such, he is the quintessential subject for the innovative historiography Jan Assmann both defines and practices in this work, the study of historical memory--a study, in this case, of the ways in which factual and fictional events and characters are stored in religious beliefs and transformed in their philosophical justification, literary reinterpretation, philological restitution (or falsification), and psychoanalytic demystification. To account for the complexities of the foundational event through which monotheism was established, Moses the Egyptian goes back to the short-lived monotheistic revolution of the Egyptian king Akhenaten (1360-1340 B.C.E.). Assmann traces the monotheism of Moses to this source, then shows how his followers denied the Egyptians any part in the origin of their beliefs and condemned them as polytheistic idolaters. Thus began the cycle in which every counter-religion, by establishing itself as truth, denounced all others as false. Assmann reconstructs this cycle as a pattern of historical abuse, and tracks its permutations from ancient sources, including the Bible, through Renaissance debates over the basis of religion to Sigmund Freud's Moses and Monotheism. One of the great Egyptologists of our time, and an exceptional scholar of history and literature, Assmann is uniquely equipped for this undertaking--an exemplary case study of the vicissitudes of historical memory that is also a compelling lesson in the fluidity of cultural identity and beliefs. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Freud and Monotheism Gilad Sharvit, Karen S. Feldman, 2018-06-05 Over the last few decades, vibrant debates regarding post-secularism have found inspiration and provocation in the works of Sigmund Freud. A new interest in the interconnection of psychoanalysis, religion and political theory has emerged, allowing Freud’s illuminating examination of the religious and mystical practices in “Obsessive Neurosis and Religious Practices,” and the exegesis of the origins of ethics in religion in Totem and Taboo, to gain currency in recent debates on modernity. In that context, the pivotal role of Freud’s masterpiece, Moses and Monotheism, is widely recognized. Freud and Monotheism brings together fundamental new contributions to discourses on Freud and Moses, as well as new research at the intersections of theology, political theory, and history in Freud’s psychoanalytic work. Highlighting the broad impact of Moses and Monotheism across the humanities, the contributors hail from such diverse disciplines as philosophy, comparative literature, cultural studies, German studies, Jewish studies and psychoanalysis. Jan Assmann and Richard Bernstein, whose books pioneered the earlier debate that initiated the Freud and Moses discourse, seize the opportunity to revisit and revise their groundbreaking work. Gabriele Schwab, Gilad Sharvit, Karen Feldman, and Yael Segalovitz engage with the idiosyncratic, eccentric and fertile nature of the book as a Spӓtstil, and explore radical interpretations of Freud’s literary practice, theory of religion and therapeutic practice. Ronald Hendel offers an alternative history for the Mosaic discourse within the biblical text, Catherine Malabou reconnects Freud’s theory of psychic phylogenesis in Moses and Monotheism to new findings in modern biology and Willi Goetschel relocates Freud in the tradition of works on history that begins with Heine, while Joel Whitebook offers important criticisms of Freud’s main argument about the advance in intellectuality that Freud attributes to Judaism. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: From Akhenaten to Moses Jan Assmann, 2014-06-01 A critical examination of the origins and development of monotheism The shift from polytheism to monotheism changed the world radically. Akhenaten and Moses—a figure of history and a figure of tradition—symbolize this shift in its incipient, revolutionary stages and represent two civilizations that were brought into the closest connection as early as the Book of Exodus, where Egypt stands for the old world to be rejected and abandoned in order to enter the new one. The seven chapters of this seminal study shed light on the great transformation from different angles. Between Egypt in the first chapter and monotheism in the last, five chapters deal in various ways with the transition from one to the other, analyzing the Exodus myth, understanding the shift in terms of evolution and revolution, confronting Akhenaten and Moses in a new way, discussing Karl Jaspers’ theory of the Axial Age, and dealing with the eighteenth-century view of the Egyptian mysteries as a cultural model. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Thera and the Exodus Riaan Booysen, 2013 The story of how two eruptions of Thera led to the birth to the god of Judaism, Islam and Christianity. , |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Of God and Gods Jan Assmann, 2008-05-21 For thousands of years, our world has been shaped by biblical monotheism. But its hallmark—a distinction between one true God and many false gods—was once a new and radical idea. Of God and Gods explores the revolutionary newness of biblical theology against a background of the polytheism that was once so commonplace. Jan Assmann, one of the most distinguished scholars of ancient Egypt working today, traces the concept of a true religion back to its earliest beginnings in Egypt and describes how this new idea took shape in the context of the older polytheistic world that it rejected. He offers readers a deepened understanding of Egyptian polytheism and elaborates on his concept of the “Mosaic distinction,” which conceives an exclusive and emphatic Truth that sets religion apart from beliefs shunned as superstition, paganism, or heresy. Without a theory of polytheism, Assmann contends, any adequate understanding of monotheism is impossible. Best Books for General Audiences, selected by the American Association of School Librarians, and Best Books for Special Interests, selected by the Public Library Association |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Akhenaten and Nefertiti Cyril Aldred, 1973 Catalog of an exhibition celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Price of Monotheism Jan Assmann, 2009-10-29 Nothing has so radically transformed the world as the distinction between true and false religion. In this nuanced consideration of his own controversial Moses the Egyptian, renowned Egyptologist Jan Assmann answers his critics, extending and building upon ideas from his previous book. Maintaining that it was indeed the Moses of the Hebrew Bible who introduced the true-false distinction in a permanent and revolutionary form, Assmann reiterates that the price of this monotheistic revolution has been the exclusion, as paganism and heresy, of everything deemed incompatible with the truth it proclaims. This exclusion has exploded time and again into violence and persecution, with no end in sight. Here, for the first time, Assmann traces the repeated attempts that have been made to do away with this distinction since the early modern period. He explores at length the notions of primary versus secondary religions, of counter-religions, and of book religions versus cultic religions. He also deals with the entry of ethics into religion's very core. Informed by the debate his own work has generated, he presents a compelling lesson in the fluidity of cultural identity and beliefs. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Murder of Moses Rand Flem-Ath, Rose Flem-Ath, 2019-06-04 An investigation of how Moses was deceived and murdered by his father-in-law, Reuel • Shows how the magician Reuel staged the Burning Bush that spoke to Moses and assumed Moses’ identity after his murder • Explains how early scribes edited the Exodus story to cover Moses’ assassination and replacement and fabricated Moses’ origin story • Builds upon the Moses research of Goethe, Christopher Marlowe, and Sigmund Freud--who spent the last 40 years of his life obsessed with solving Moses’ murder The life of Moses, the greatest prophet of the Old Testament, has always been shrouded in mystery. The Bible mentions no witnesses to Moses’ death, no funeral, and no indication of his burial place, and the story of Exodus paints a very contradictory picture of this man so important to both Judaism and Christianity. At times, he is depicted as a meek, stuttering figure and at others his tyrannical commands and fits of rage terrorize the children of Israel. And, for the last years of his life, he chose to hide behind a veil. What is the explanation for these extreme shifts in character? Was Moses mentally ill? As Rand and Rose Flem-Ath reveal, the evidence points to something much more sinister: Moses was murdered and replaced by an impostor. The result of a decade-long investigation, this book continues and builds upon the research of Goethe, Christopher Marlowe, and Sigmund Freud--who spent the last 40 years of his life obsessed with solving Moses’ murder--and reaches a startling but well-evidenced conclusion that Moses was deceived and murdered by his father-in-law, Reuel. The authors show how Reuel was a skilled magician trained at Egypt’s prestigious House of Life and they reveal his motive: He was the son of Esau, from whom Jacob stole his birthright, the leadership of the Hebrew people, a role that Moses was now assuming. The authors explain how the magician Reuel used his sophisticated skills of manipulation and illusion to fake the Burning Bush that spoke to Moses as well as conceal his assumption of Moses’ identity after the murder. They reveal how the early scribes of the Old Testament inserted lags of time into the Exodus story to cover Moses’ assassination and replacement, fabricated Moses’ origin story, and changed the location of the “Mountain of God” from Edom, where Reuel was a prince, to Sinai. Unveiling the enigma of Moses’ real story--and his murder and replacement--the Flem-Aths dramatically challenge the time line and details of biblical history, exposing a cover-up at the very origins of Western religion. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Unwrapping the Pharaohs John F. Ashton, David Down, 2006 Mummies, pyramids, and pharaohs! The culture and civilization of the ancient Egyptians have fascinated people for centuries and some have direct correlation to biblical events.Authors David Down and John Ashton present a groundbreaking new chronology in Unwrapping the Pharaohs that shows how Egyptian Archaeology supports the biblical timeline.Go back in time as famous Egyptians such as the boy-king Tutankhamen, and the beautiful Cleopatra are brought to life in this captivating new look at Egyptian history from a biblical worldview. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism James K. Hoffmeier, 2015-02-13 Pharaoh Akhenaten, who reigned for seventeen years in the fourteenth century B.C.E, is one of the most intriguing rulers of ancient Egypt. His odd appearance and his preoccupation with worshiping the sun disc Aten have stimulated academic discussion and controversy for more than a century. Despite the numerous books and articles about this enigmatic figure, many questions about Akhenaten and the Atenism religion remain unanswered. In Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism, James K. Hoffmeier argues that Akhenaten was not, as is often said, a radical advocating a new religion, but rather a primitivist: that is, one who reaches back to a golden age and emulates it. Akhenaten's inspiration was the Old Kingdom (2650-2400 B.C.E.), when the sun-god Re/Atum ruled as the unrivaled head of the Egyptian pantheon. Hoffmeier finds that Akhenaten was a genuine convert to the worship of Aten, the sole creator God, based on the Pharoah's own testimony of a theophany, a divine encounter that launched his monotheistic religious odyssey. The book also explores the Atenist religion's possible relationship to Israel's religion, offering a close comparison of the hymn to the Aten to Psalm 104, which has been identified by scholars as influenced by the Egyptian hymn. Through a careful reading of key texts, artworks, and archaeological studies, Hoffmeier provides compelling new insights into a religion that predated Moses and Hebrew monotheism, the impact of Atenism on Egyptian religion and politics, and the aftermath of Akhenaten's reign. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Eden in Egypt Ralph Ellis, 2010-12-11 Why was the birth of a poor carpenter in the first century AD attended by the Magi: the Persian king-makers? Why was Jesus later known as the King of the Jews ?Using many strands of contemporary evidence, Ralph Ellis has pieced together a historical jigsaw puzzle demonstrating that the biblical Jesus was directly descended from Cleopatra VII, the most famous queen of Egypt.But this is not all, for in piecing this story together it would seem that Jesus also had an aristocratic Roman and royal Persian ancestry too; and it is the latter bloodline element that explains the appearance of Persian Magi at his birth. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Out of Egypt Ahmed Osman, 1999 |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt Ahmed Osman, 2003-09-19 A reinterpretation of Egyptian and biblical history that shows the Patriarch Joseph and Yuya, a vizier of the eighteenth dynasty king Tuthmosis IV, to be the same person • Uses detailed evidence from Egyptian, biblical, and Koranic sources to place Exodus in the time of Ramses I • Sheds new light on the mysterious and sudden rise of monotheism under Yuya’s daughter, Queen Tiye, and her son Akhnaten When Joseph revealed his identity to his kinsmen who had sold him into slavery, he told them that God had made him “a father to Pharaoh.” Throughout the long history of ancient Egypt, only one man is known to have been given the title “a father to Pharaoh”--Yuya, a vizier of the eighteenth dynasty king Tuthmosis IV. Yuya has long intrigued Egyptologists because he was buried in the Valley of Kings even though he was not a member of the Royal House. His extraordinarily well-preserved mummy has a strong Semitic appearance, which suggests he was not of Egyptian blood, and many aspects of his burial have been shown to be contrary to Egyptian custom. As The Hebrew Pharohs of Egypt shows, the idea that Joseph and Yuya may be one and the same person sheds a whole new light on the sudden rise of monotheism in Egypt, spearheaded by Queen Tiye and her son Akhnaten. It would clearly explain the deliberate obliteration of references to the “heretic” king and his successors by the last eighteenth dynasty pharaoh, Horemheb, whom the author believes was the oppressor king in the Book of Exodus. The author also draws on a wealth of detailed evidence from Egyptian, biblical, and Koranic sources to place the time of the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt during the short reign of Ramses I, the first king of the nineteenth dynasty. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Act Of God Graham Phillips, 2014-09-11 This extraordinary book reveals a historical mystery which overturns Ancient Egyptian chronology and uncovers what may be the real explanation of the Atlantis myth. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Moses and Multiculturalism Barbara Johnson, 2010-02-25 Countering impressions of Moses reinforced by Sigmund Freud in his epoch-making Moses and Monotheism, this concise, engaging work begins with the perception that the story of Moses is at once the most nationalist and the most multicultural of all foundation narratives. Weaving together various texts—biblical passages, philosophy, poems, novels, opera, and movies—Barbara Johnson explores how the story of Moses has been appropriated, reimagined, and transmitted across cultures and historical moments. But she finds that already in the Bible, the story of Moses is a multicultural story, the story of someone who functions well in a world to which he, unbeknownst to the casual observer, does not belong. Using the Moses story as a lens through which to view questions at the heart of contemporary literary, philosophical, and ethical debates, Johnson shows how, through a close analysis of this figure's recurrence through time, we might understand something of the paradoxes, if not the impasses of contemporary multiculturalism. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Christianity: An Ancient Egyptian Religion Ahmed Osman, 2005-04-19 Contends that the roots of Christian belief come not from Judaea but from Egypt • Shows that the Romans fabricated their own version of Christianity and burned the Alexandrian library as a way of maintaining political power • Builds on the arguments of the author's previous books The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt, Moses and Akhenaten, and Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs In Christianity: An Ancient Egyptian Religion author Ahmed Osman contends that the roots of Christian belief spring not from Judaea but from Egypt. He compares the chronology of the Old Testament and its factual content with ancient Egyptian records to show that the major characters of the Hebrew scriptures--including Solomon, David, Moses, and Joshua--are based on Egyptian historical figures. He further suggests that not only were these personalities and the stories associated with them cultivated on the banks of the Nile, but the major tenets of Christian belief--the One God, the Trinity, the hierarchy of heaven, life after death, and the virgin birth--are all Egyptian in origin. He likewise provides a convincing argument that Jesus himself came out of Egypt. With the help of modern archaeological findings, Osman shows that Christianity survived as an Egyptian mystery cult until the fourth century A.D., when the Romans embarked on a mission of suppression and persecution. In A.D. 391 the Roman-appointed Bishop Theophilus led a mob into the Serapeum quarter of Alexandria and burned the Alexandrian library, destroying all records of the true Egyptian roots of Christianity. The Romans' version of Christianity, manufactured to maintain political power, claimed that Christianity originated in Judaea. In Christianity: An Ancient Egyptian Religion Osman restores Egypt to its rightful place in the history of Christianity. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Tutankhamun Deception Gerald O'Farrell, 2002 The discovery and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb is one of the most famous archeological finds in history. But compelling evidence suggests the story we know is a sham—Howard Carter and Lord Carnavon actually discovered Tutankhamun's tomb several years before they told the world they did, looted it. re-sealed it, then led the world's media back to the site to claim their place in history. This book tells the story of the skullduggery that went on in the Valley of the Kings and how the famous Mummy's Curse, far from being something mystical, could well have been a systematic way of getting rid of those who were about to blow the cover on the secret of the find, and the secrets of the tomb. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Moses' Women Shera Aranoff Tuchman, Sandra E. Rapoport, 2008 The complete story of the man Moses, history's premier prophet, lawgiver and religious heroic figure, cannot be told without and understanding of the women in his life. The Bible tells us that Moses was born to Yocheved, daughter of Levi, third son of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob. He was watched over by his sister, Miriam, drawn from the Nile waters by Batya, daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh, raised as Egyptian royalty, and married to Zipporah, daughter of the high priest of Midian. But there is more depth to these women's lives than what appears in the spare biblical text, and it is the Jewish biblical commentaries who unveil these layered nuances. This book draws upon these sources and recounts how the Hebrew midwives resisted carnal intimidation by the Egyptian Pharaoh; what occurred between Moses, Zipporah, and the angel of death that night in the desert inn; why Moses abandoned Zipporah; how Miriam championed her sister-in-law, Zipporah, and was punished for it; and the identity of Moses' mysterious Kushite Woman. Moses' Women weaves these biblical narratives and the commentaries into a chronicle of the women who reared Moses, bore his children, advised him, and intervened to save him time and again, when his very life was trembling in the balance.--BOOK JACKET. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Let My People Go! Steven Collins, 2012-08-01 Historians and Bible scholars have a long history of speculation about the identity of the pharaoh at the time of the Israelite Exodus from Egypt. Indeed, we cannot help but wonder to which of Egypt's great kings Moses said, ?Let my people go!? Some believe that the answer lies in comparing a selected biblical Exodus chronology (early or late) with a particular version of the Egyptian chronology (high, middle or low), thereby locating the Pharaoh of the Exodus at a point of chronological correlation. But this approach has always proved inadequate from a historiographical perspective. This detailed study reveals that the Exodus events as described in the Bible do, in fact, fit with precision into a corresponding segment of ancient Near Eastern history when sources from Egypt, Hatti, Mittani, Assyria, the Levant, and the biblical narratives are properly understood and superimposed. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: From Light Into Darkness Stephen Mehler, 2014-06-16 Building on the esoteric information first revealed in Land of Osiris, this exciting book presents more of Abd'El Hakim's oral traditions, with radical new interpretations of how religion evolved in prehistoric and dynastic Khemit, or Egypt. * Have popular modern religions developed out of practices in ancient Egypt? * Did religion in Egypt represent only a shadow of the spiritual practices of prehistoric people? * Have the Western Mystery Schools such as the Rosicrucian Order evolved from these ancient systems? * Author Mehler explores the teachings of the King Akhenaten and the real Moses, the true identity of the Hyksos, and Akhenaten’s connections to The Exodus, Judaism and the Rosicrucian Order. Here for the first time in the West, are the spiritual teachings of the ancient Khemitians, the foundation for the coming new cycle of consciousness—The Awakening; more. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Exodus , 2015-04-20 An archaeological and historical investigation into the Biblical legends of the Israelite sojourn in Egypt, the Exodus from Egypt, and the conquest of the Promised Land. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Lost City of the Exodus Ahmed Osman, 2014-03-24 Recent archaeological findings confirm Osman’s 25-year-old discovery of the location of the city of the Exodus • Explains why modern scholars have been unable to find the city of the Exodus: they are looking in the wrong historical period and thus the wrong region of Egypt • Details the author’s extensive research on Hebrew scriptures and ancient Egyptian texts and records, which allowed him to pinpoint the Exodus site • Reveals his effort to have his finding confirmed by the Egyptian government, including his debates with Zahi Hawass, Egyptian Minister for Antiquities Affairs When the first archaeologists visited Egypt in the late 1800s, they arrived in the eastern Nile Delta to verify the events described in the biblical Book of Exodus. Several locations believed to be the city of the Exodus were found but all were later rejected for lack of evidence. This led many scholars to dismiss the Exodus narrative merely as a myth that borrowed from accounts of the Hyksos expulsion from Egypt. But as Ahmed Osman shows, the events of Exodus have a historical basis and the ruins of the ancient city of Zarw, where the Road to Canaan began, have been found. Drawing on decades of research as well as recent archaeological findings in Egypt, Ahmed Osman reveals the exact location of the lost city of the Exodus as well as his 25-year effort to have this finding confirmed by the Egyptian government, including his heated debates with Zahi Hawass, former Egyptian Minister for Antiquities Affairs. He explains why modern scholars have been unable to find the city of the Exodus: they are looking in the wrong historical period and thus the wrong region of Egypt. He details his extensive research on the Pentateuch of the Hebrew scriptures, the historical scenes recorded in the great hall of Karnak, and other ancient source texts, which allowed him to pinpoint the Exodus site after he discovered that the Exodus happened not during the pharaonic reign of Ramses II but during that of his grandfather Ramses I. Osman concluded that the biblical city of the Exodus was to be found at Tell Heboua at the ruins of the fortified city of Zarw, the royal city of Ramses I--far from the Exodus locations theorized by previous archaeologists and scholars. In 2012, after 20 years of archaeological work, the location of Zarw was confirmed by Egyptian officials exactly where Osman said it would be 25 years ago. Thus, Osman shows that, time and again, if we take the creators of the source texts at their word, they will prove to be right. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs Ahmed Osman, 2004-03-15 A provocative thesis that the historical Jesus was connected to the royal 18th dynasty of Egypt • Contends that Jesus, Joshua, and Tutankhamun were the same person • Provides evidence from church documentation, the Koran, the Talmud, and archaeology that the Messiah came more than a millennium before the first century C.E. • Shows that Christianity evolved from Essene teachings Although it is commonly believed that Jesus lived during the first century C.E., there is no concrete evidence to support this fact from the Roman and Jewish historians who would have been his contemporaries. The Gospel writers themselves were of a later generation, and many accounts recorded in the Old Testament and Talmudic commentary refer to the coming of the Messiah as an event that had already occurred. Using the evidence available from archaeology, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Koran, the Talmud, and biblical sources, Ahmed Osman provides a compelling case that both Jesus and Joshua were one and the same--a belief echoed by the early Church Fathers--and that this person was likewise the pharaoh Tutankhamun, who ruled Egypt between 1361 and 1352 B.C.E. and was regarded as the spiritual son of God. Osman contends that the Essene Christians--who followed Jesus’ teachings in secret after his murder--only came into the open following the execution of their prophet John the Baptist by Herod, many centuries later. Yet it was also the Essenes who, following the death of Tutankhamun and his father Akhenaten (Moses), secretly kept the monotheistic religion of Egypt alive. The Essenes believed themselves to be the people of the New Covenant established between their Lord and themselves by the Teacher of Righteousness, who was murdered by a wicked priest. The Dead Sea Scrolls support Osman’s contention that this Teacher of Righteousness was in fact Jesus. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: New England and the Bavarian Illuminati Vernon Stauffer, 2005 The rift between the nation's two political parties is caused by a Conspiracy! New England the Bavarian Illuminati is the history of the Illuminati scare that occurred in America at the end of the eighteenth century. It tells how the Federalists, including the New England clergy in particular, seized upon the idea that the Illuminati were behind the actions of the Democrats. Only a far-reaching conspiracy could explain the irreverent habits and searing attacks of the Jeffersonians. Fear of the secret Democratic Clubs, magnified by fear of the French Jacobins, made such a conspiracy readily believable. Dr. Stauffer ably details the state of American politics and religion before and after the American Revolution. He recounts the known history of the Illuminati, and reviews how knowledge of the secret organization was transmitted to America. The conspiracy alarm is traced in detail, from the first announcement of the existence of the Illuminati given during a sermon, through the heated and virulent debates in newspapers and pamphlets, and finally to the decline of the public spectacle under counter-attacks and satirical mockery. This study of the Illuminati in New England was originally published in 1918. Acclaimed from its first printing, it has since then developed a respectable position as one of the most competent and important histories on the shadowy Order of the Illuminati. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence Gerard Gertoux, 2015 The existence Moses as well as the Exodus is a crucial question because, according to the Bible, the character related to that famous event forms the basis of the Passover which meant the Promised Land for Jews and later the Paradise for Christians. However, according to most Egyptologists, there is absolutely no evidence of Moses and the Exodus in Egyptian documents, which leads them to conclude that the whole biblical story is a myth written for gullible people. However, according to Egyptian accounts the last king of the 15th dynasty named Apopi, “very pretty”, which was Moses' birth name (Ex 2:2), reigned 40 years in Egypt (1613-1573) and met Seqenenre Taa, 40 years later, the last pharaoh of the 17th dynasty who died in May 1533 BCE in dramatic and unclear circumstances (Ps 136:15). The state of his mummy proves that his body received severe injuries and remained abandoned for several days before being mummified. The eldest son of Seqenenre Taa, Ahmose Sapaïr, who was crown prince died in a dramatic and unexplained way shortly before his father (Ex 12:29). Prince Kamose, Seqenenre Taa's brother, assured interim of authority for 3 years and threatened attack the former pharaoh Apopi, new prince of Retenu (Palestine) who took the name Moses, according to Manetho, an Egyptian priest and historian. In the stele of the Tempest, Kamose also blames Apopi for all the disasters that come to fall upon Egypt, which caused many deaths. Ironically, those who believe Egyptologists are actually the real gullible ones |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Exodus Richard Elliott Friedman, 2017-09-12 The Exodus has become a core tradition of Western civilization. Millions read it, retell it, and celebrate it. But did it happen? Biblical scholars, Egyptologists, archaeologists, historians, literary scholars, anthropologists, and filmmakers are drawn to it. Unable to find physical evidence until now, many archaeologists and scholars claim this mass migration is just a story, not history. Others oppose this conclusion, defending the biblical account. Like a detective on an intricate case no one has yet solved, pioneering Bible scholar and bestselling author of Who Wrote the Bible? Richard Elliott Friedman cuts through the noise — the serious studies and the wild theories — merging new findings with new insight. From a spectrum of disciplines, state-of-the-art archeological breakthroughs, and fresh discoveries within scripture, he brings real evidence of a historical basis for the exodus — the history behind the story. The biblical account of millions fleeing Egypt may be an exaggeration, but the exodus itself is not a myth. Friedman does not stop there. Known for his ability to make Bible scholarship accessible to readers, Friedman proceeds to reveal how much is at stake when we explore the historicity of the exodus. The implications, he writes, are monumental. We learn that it became the starting-point of the formation of monotheism, the defining concept of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Moreover, we learn that it precipitated the foundational ethic of loving one’s neighbors — including strangers — as oneself. He concludes, the actual exodus was the cradle of global values of compassion and equal rights today. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The House of the Messiah Ahmed Osman, 1992 |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Riddle of the Exodus James D. Long, 2006-05 |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Question of God Armand Nicholi, 2002-04-03 This elegantly written and compelling comparison of the worldviews of Sigmund Freud and C. S. Lewis provides a riveting opportunity to consider the most important questions mankind has ever asked: Is there a God? Does he care about me? This profound book is for anyone who is earnestly seeking answers about truth, the meaning of life, and God's existence. -- Francis Collins, Director, National Human Genome Research Institute Many of history's greatest thinkers have wrestled with the ultimate question of belief and nonbelief in God. Though it might seem unlikely that any new arguments could possibly be raised on either side, the twentieth century managed to produce two men who each made brilliant, new, and lasting arguments, one in favor of belief and one opposed. Few spokesmen have ever championed their respective positions better than Sigmund Freud and C. S. Lewis. Sadly, as far as we know, they never met or debated each other directly. In The Question of God their arguments are placed side by side, as if they were standing at podiums in a shared room. Both thought carefully about the flaws and alternatives to their positions; each considered the other's views. Both men considered the problem of pain and suffering, the nature of love and sex, and the ultimate meaning of life and death. Here, with their debate made explicit, we can take ringside seats at one of history's most profound encounters. For more than twenty-five years Armand Nicholi has studied the philosophical writings of both men, and has taught a popular course at Harvard that compares the two worldviews. In The Question of God he presents the fruits of years of labor among the published and unpublished writings of Lewis and Freud, including an extensive exploration of their private letters. He allows them to speak for themselves on every major question of belief and nonbelief, but also skillfully draws conclusions from their own lives. Why did Freud have such difficulty maintaining lifelong friendships? How did Lewis's friendships change after his transition from atheism to belief? Why was Freud unable to willfully ignore his own internal moral sense, even though he believed it to be purely a product of socialization and not in any way eternally true? The Question of God may be the best book about belief and nonbelief ever written, since it does not presuppose which answer is correct. Instead, it uses two of history's most articulate spokesmen to present arguments on both sides. In the end, readers must join Nicholi's hundreds of former students in deciding for themselves which path to follow. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: God Reza Aslan, 2017-11-07 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • The author of Zealot explores humanity’s quest to make sense of the divine in this concise and fascinating history of our understanding of God. In Zealot, Reza Aslan replaced the staid, well-worn portrayal of Jesus of Nazareth with a startling new image of the man in all his contradictions. In his new book, Aslan takes on a subject even more immense: God, writ large. In layered prose and with thoughtful, accessible scholarship, Aslan narrates the history of religion as a remarkably cohesive attempt to understand the divine by giving it human traits and emotions. According to Aslan, this innate desire to humanize God is hardwired in our brains, making it a central feature of nearly every religious tradition. As Aslan writes, “Whether we are aware of it or not, and regardless of whether we’re believers or not, what the vast majority of us think about when we think about God is a divine version of ourselves.” But this projection is not without consequences. We bestow upon God not just all that is good in human nature—our compassion, our thirst for justice—but all that is bad in it: our greed, our bigotry, our penchant for violence. All these qualities inform our religions, cultures, and governments. More than just a history of our understanding of God, this book is an attempt to get to the root of this humanizing impulse in order to develop a more universal spirituality. Whether you believe in one God, many gods, or no god at all, God: A Human History will challenge the way you think about the divine and its role in our everyday lives. Praise for God “Timely, riveting, enlightening and necessary.”—HuffPost “Tantalizing . . . Driven by [Reza] Aslan’s grace and curiosity, God . . . helps us pan out from our troubled times, while asking us to consider a more expansive view of the divine in contemporary life.”—The Seattle Times “A fascinating exploration of the interaction of our humanity and God.”—Pittsburgh Post-Gazette “[Aslan’s] slim, yet ambitious book [is] the story of how humans have created God with a capital G, and it’s thoroughly mind-blowing.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “Aslan is a born storyteller, and there is much to enjoy in this intelligent survey.”—San Francisco Chronicle |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Akhenaten, King of Egypt Cyril Aldred, 1968 |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Israel in Egypt James K. Hoffmeier, 1999-03-18 Scholars of the Hebrew Bible have in the last decade begun to question the historical accuracy of the Israelite sojourn in Egypt, as described in the book of Exodus. The reason for the rejection of the exodus tradition is said to be the lack of historical and archaeological evidence in Egypt. Those advancing these claims, however, are not specialists in the study of Egyptian history, culture, and archaeology. In this pioneering book, James Hoffmeier examines the most current Egyptological evidence and argues that it supports the biblical record concerning Israel in Egypt. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Greatest Lie Ever Told W. H. Uffington, 2011-01 Jews, Christians, and Muslims have been grossly misled about their religions. All three were perverted from their shared origins, by politics, avarice, and greed. The greatest of these perversions is Christianity. Uffington proves his allegations, presents truth, not speculation, and shows where the future path of the church must lie. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Pillar of Fire Judith Tarr, 1997-12-15 Acclaimed as one of the finest authors of historical novels today, Judith Tarr has crafted a daring and provocative new interpretation of a crucial turning point in human history. This powerful saga is an intimate account of the lives of men and women in the ancient Egyptian empire. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Vision and Leadership Joseph Dov Soloveitchik, 2013 Nearly all the material in this volume is taken from lectures Rabbi Soloveitchik delivered in the mid1970s--ECIP introduction. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Killing Moses Rand Flem-Ath, 2014-12-06 There is a subterranean story within the Bible that has been repressed for centuries. It is a tale of greed, betrayal and revenge. It is the story of the hijacking of the Exodus by a perfect impostor. Why is so little known about the death of Moses - the greatest prophet of the Old Testament? There are no witnesses - no body - no funeral - and ...no one knows to this day where his burial place is. The clues to this ancient enigma lie in the disturbing circumstances surrounding his disappearance. The truth about this powerful man remains elusive, as his life has always been shrouded in mystery. The isolated details of the biblical story and the contradictory accounts of his behavior have mystified and frustrated scholars and devotees alike. For the last years of his life he chose to hide behind a mask. At times he is depicted as a meek, stuttering figure; pleading with God that he's unfit for a sacred mission. At other times his tyrannical commands terrorize the children of Israel. What is the explanation for these extreme shifts in the prophet's character? Was Moses mentally ill? The evidence suggests something much more sinister: he was assassinated and replaced by an impostor. The idea that the prophet had been murdered obsessed Sigmund Freud for forty years. But despite devoting his last book to the subject he could not identify the man who had stolen the prophet's identity. KILLING MOSES exposes a prime suspect, the Magician Reuel; a charismatic character whose influence molded the development of both Judaism and Christianity. Far from being a minor biblical character - Reuel was Moses father-in-law. He was deeply embedded in the lives of the tribal leaders; a perfect position from which to pursue his brutal agenda of vengeance. Trained in the elite art of magic at Egypt's prestigious House of Life he had learned how his sophisticated skills could serve him well in manipulating and dominating the political game. The story of Osiris (a critical tale in the education of any Egyptian magician) in which a righteous son slays his uncle in retaliation for the murder of his father provided Reuel with a blueprint for murder. His motive for murdering Moses was as old as humankind. A born actor, his commanding voice and sense of drama eventually paved the way for him to seize control over a naive and often terrified populace. To this end he concealed his face behind a mesmerizing mask. But it was his unique talent for impersonation that hid his crimes for more than 3000 years. Using time-honoured detection methods to crack this ultimate cold case file KILLING MOSES uncovers the motive, the means and the opportunity of the prime suspect in this enduring, unsolved homicide. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: The Legacy of Moses and Akhenaten Sheldon L Lebold, 2013-05 Were Moses and the Pharoah Akhenaten One and the Same? Modern historians and scholars, beginning with Sigmund Freud, have debated the controversial theory that Pharaoh Akhenaten, vilified and deposed for establishing monotheism in Egypt, was also Moses of the Exodus. After an exhaustive examination of evidence from a variety of sources, author Sheldon Lebold suggests that crucial pieces of the story have been overlooked. Through a thoughtful analysis of ancient texts, historical documents and contemporary research, Lebold not only presents the Legacy of Moses and Akhenaten from a Jewish perspective, but also demonstrates how one man's vision laid the foundations for Judaism as we understand it today. In this insightful book, Lebold describes Moses/Akhenaten as both a courageous leader and a great religious theorist. Documented in its pages are the life and ideals of a man who insisted that God could be experienced in the flow of history and that religion should be expressed through ethical actions. It is the story of the pharaoh who helped define and establish the religious and ethnic identity of the Jewish people. |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Torah Discovery Chronology Roger M. Pearlman, 2017-08-08 How Torah testimony and ancient civilization align. The result is the strongest chronology of the one historic actuality. Review edition 1.62 Dated 10 Cheshvan, 5778 / Oct. 30, 2017 |
| akhenaten and moses theory: Freud Reader Sigmund Freud, 1995-09-05 Selections span Freud's career from early case histories through his work on dreams, essays on sexuality, and his later philosophical writings. Most are reproduced in full and have been selected from the standard edition. Gay ties all together with an analytical introduction, chronology of life and work, and commentary throughout. Ideal size book for reading and browsing marred only by the inexplicable use of poor quality (and acidic) paper. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
Akhenaten - Wikipedia
Akhenaten's elder brother Thutmose, shown in his role as High Priest of Ptah. Akhenaten became heir to the throne after Thutmose died during their father's reign. Egyptologists know very little …
Akhenaten | Biography, Mummy, Accomplishments, Religion, …
Apr 15, 2025 · Akhenaten, was a king (c. 1353–36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the sun’s disk (hence his assumed name, …
Akhenaten - World History Encyclopedia
Apr 17, 2014 · Akhenaten (r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He is also known as 'Akhenaton' or 'Ikhnaton' and also 'Khuenaten', all...
10 Facts About Pharaoh Akhenaten - History Hit
May 23, 2022 · Also known as Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten was Pharaoh of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty between 1353-1336 BC.
Akhenaten (aka Akhenaton) | The Heretic Pharaoh - Ancient Egypt Online
Akhenaten (aka Akhenaton) is one of Ancient Egypt's most controversial and notable pharaohs. He ruled for 17 years during the 18th Dynasty and came to be known by some fascinating …
How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and …
In 1353 or possibly 1351 BCE, Amenhotep IV ascended to the throne of Egypt. In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. He created a new monotheistic religion …
Akhenaten: The Mysteries of Religious Revolution - ARCE
Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypt’s New Kingdom. Akhenaten …
Akhenaten: Egyptian Pharaoh, Nefertiti's Husband, Tut's Father
Aug 30, 2013 · Akhenaten was a pharaoh who made religious reforms, built a new capital at Amarna and sired Tutankhamun, one of the most famous ancient kings.
Akenhaten Facts: Who Was The 'Heretic Pharaoh'? | HistoryExtra
Feb 26, 2024 · Who was Akhenaten? Akhenaten was a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. Before he gave himself that name, however, he had been Amenhotep IV, son of the great Amenhotep III, …
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) - Ancient Egypt Online
Akhenaten (“He who is of service to the Aten ” or “Effective Spirit of Aten”) is one of the most famous pharaohs of ancient Egypt, despite the attempts of later rulers to omit him from the …
Akhenaten - Wikipedia
Akhenaten's elder brother Thutmose, shown in his role as High Priest of Ptah. Akhenaten became heir to the throne after Thutmose died during their father's reign. Egyptologists know very little …
Akhenaten | Biography, Mummy, Accomplishments, Religion, …
Apr 15, 2025 · Akhenaten, was a king (c. 1353–36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the sun’s disk (hence his assumed name, …
Akhenaten - World History Encyclopedia
Apr 17, 2014 · Akhenaten (r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He is also known as 'Akhenaton' or 'Ikhnaton' and also 'Khuenaten', all...
10 Facts About Pharaoh Akhenaten - History Hit
May 23, 2022 · Also known as Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten was Pharaoh of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty between 1353-1336 BC.
Akhenaten (aka Akhenaton) | The Heretic Pharaoh - Ancient Egypt Online
Akhenaten (aka Akhenaton) is one of Ancient Egypt's most controversial and notable pharaohs. He ruled for 17 years during the 18th Dynasty and came to be known by some fascinating …
How did Akhenaten Radically Change Egyptian Religion and Culture
In 1353 or possibly 1351 BCE, Amenhotep IV ascended to the throne of Egypt. In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. He created a new monotheistic religion …
Akhenaten: The Mysteries of Religious Revolution - ARCE
Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypt’s New Kingdom. Akhenaten …
Akhenaten: Egyptian Pharaoh, Nefertiti's Husband, Tut's Father
Aug 30, 2013 · Akhenaten was a pharaoh who made religious reforms, built a new capital at Amarna and sired Tutankhamun, one of the most famous ancient kings.
Akenhaten Facts: Who Was The 'Heretic Pharaoh'? | HistoryExtra
Feb 26, 2024 · Who was Akhenaten? Akhenaten was a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. Before he gave himself that name, however, he had been Amenhotep IV, son of the great Amenhotep III, …
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) - Ancient Egypt Online
Akhenaten (“He who is of service to the Aten ” or “Effective Spirit of Aten”) is one of the most famous pharaohs of ancient Egypt, despite the attempts of later rulers to omit him from the …
