Advanced Microeconomic Theory Lecture Notes

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  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory Ariel Rubinstein, 2012-03-04 Ariel Rubinstein's well-known lecture notes on microeconomics—now fully revised and expanded This book presents Ariel Rubinstein's lecture notes for the first part of his well-known graduate course in microeconomics. Developed during the fifteen years that Rubinstein taught the course at Tel Aviv University, Princeton University, and New York University, these notes provide a critical assessment of models of rational economic agents, and are an invaluable supplement to any primary textbook in microeconomic theory. In this fully revised and expanded second edition, Rubinstein retains the striking originality and deep simplicity that characterize his famously engaging style of teaching. He presents these lecture notes with a precision that gets to the core of the material, and he places special emphasis on the interpretation of key concepts. Rubinstein brings this concise book thoroughly up to date, covering topics like modern choice theory and including dozens of original new problems. Written by one of the world's most respected and provocative economic theorists, this second edition of Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory is essential reading for students, teachers, and research economists. Fully revised, expanded, and updated Retains the engaging style and method of Rubinstein's well-known lectures Covers topics like modern choice theory Features numerous original new problems—including 21 new review problems Solutions manual (available only to teachers) can be found at: http://gametheory.tau.ac.il/microTheory/.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Advanced Microeconomic Theory Geoffrey Alexander Jehle, Philip J. Reny, 2001 This advanced economics text bridges the gap between familiarity with microeconomic theory and a solid grasp of the principles and methods of modern neoclassical microeconomic theory.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Advanced Microeconomic Theory Felix Munoz-Garcia, 2017-08-11 An introduction to advanced topics in microeconomics that emphasizes the intuition behind assumptions and results, providing examples that show how to apply theory to practice. This textbook offers an introduction to advanced microeconomic theory that emphasizes the intuition behind mathematical assumptions, providing step-by-step examples that show how to apply theoretical models. It covers standard topics such as preference relations, demand theory and applications, producer theory, choice under uncertainty, partial and general equilibrium, monopoly, game theory and imperfect competition, externalities and public goods, and contract theory; but its intuitive and application-oriented approach provides students with a bridge to more technical topics. The book can be used by advanced undergraduates as well as Masters students in economics, finance, and public policy, and by PhD students in programs with an applied focus. The text connects each topic with recent findings in behavioral and experimental economics, and discusses these results in context, within the appropriate chapter. Step-by-step examples appear immediately after the main theoretical findings, and end-of chapter exercises help students understand how to approach similar exercises on their own. An appendix reviews basic mathematical concepts. A separate workbook, Practice Exercises for Advanced Microeconomic Theory, offers solutions to selected problems with detailed explanations. The textbook and workbook together help students improve both their theoretical and practical preparation in advanced microeconomics.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Advanced Economic Theory HL Ahuja, 2017 This authoritative and comprehensive text is an advanced treatise on microeconomics. Featuring simplified mathematical treatment, the book covers a wide spectrum of theories and concepts aimed at effective understanding of advanced economic theory. This revised edition explores further the concept of economic efficiency and the concept of utility and its critique by Prof. Amartya Sen. It further includes an incisive analysis of Hicksian and Slutsky substitution effect. The revision also includes important distinctions and critical analysis of several functions expositing the latest developments in the field.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: A Course in Microeconomic Theory David M. Kreps, 2020-05-26 David M. Kreps has developed a text in microeconomics that is both challenging and user-friendly. The work is designed for the first-year graduate microeconomic theory course and is accessible to advanced undergraduates as well. Placing unusual emphasis on modern noncooperative game theory, it provides the student and instructor with a unified treatment of modern microeconomic theory--one that stresses the behavior of the individual actor (consumer or firm) in various institutional settings. The author has taken special pains to explore the fundamental assumptions of the theories and techniques studied, pointing out both strengths and weaknesses. The book begins with an exposition of the standard models of choice and the market, with extra attention paid to choice under uncertainty and dynamic choice. General and partial equilibrium approaches are blended, so that the student sees these approaches as points along a continuum. The work then turns to more modern developments. Readers are introduced to noncooperative game theory and shown how to model games and determine solution concepts. Models with incomplete information, the folk theorem and reputation, and bilateral bargaining are covered in depth. Information economics is explored next. A closing discussion concerns firms as organizations and gives readers a taste of transaction-cost economics.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Models in Microeconomic Theory Martin J. Osborne, Ariel Rubinstein, 2023-06-26 Models in Microeconomic Theory covers basic models in current microeconomic theory. Part I (Chapters 1-7) presents models of an economic agent, discussing abstract models of preferences, choice, and decision making under uncertainty, before turning to models of the consumer, the producer, and monopoly. Part II (Chapters 8-14) introduces the concept of equilibrium, beginning, unconventionally, with the models of the jungle and an economy with indivisible goods, and continuing with models of an exchange economy, equilibrium with rational expectations, and an economy with asymmetric information. Part III (Chapters 15-16) provides an introduction to game theory, covering strategic and extensive games and the concepts of Nash equilibrium and subgame perfect equilibrium. Part IV (Chapters 17-20) gives a taste of the topics of mechanism design, matching, the axiomatic analysis of economic systems, and social choice. The book focuses on the concepts of model and equilibrium. It states models and results precisely, and provides proofs for all results. It uses only elementary mathematics (with almost no calculus), although many of the proofs involve sustained logical arguments. It includes about 150 exercises. With its formal but accessible style, this textbook is designed for undergraduate students of microeconomics at intermediate and advanced levels.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Modeling Strategic Behavior: A Graduate Introduction To Game Theory And Mechanism Design George J Mailath, 2018-12-18 It is impossible to understand modern economics without knowledge of the basic tools of gametheory and mechanism design. This book provides a graduate-level introduction to the economic modeling of strategic behavior. The goal is to teach Economics doctoral students the tools of game theory and mechanism design that all economists should know.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Microeconomic Foundations I David M. Kreps, 2012-10-28 A guide to mastering microeconomic theory Microeconomic Foundations I develops the choice, price, and general equilibrium theory topics typically found in first-year theory sequences, but in deeper and more complete mathematical form than most standard texts provide. The objective is to take the reader from acquaintance with these foundational topics to something closer to mastery of the models and results connected to them. Provides a rigorous treatment of some of the basic tools of economic modeling and reasoning, along with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of these tools Complements standard texts Covers choice, preference, and utility; structural properties of preferences and utility functions; basics of consumer demand; revealed preference and Afriat's Theorem; choice under uncertainty; dynamic choice; social choice and efficiency; competitive and profit-maximizing firms; expenditure minimization; demand theory (duality methods); producer and consumer surplus; aggregation; general equilibrium; efficiency and the core; GET, time, and uncertainty; and other topics Features a free web-based student's guide, which gives solutions to approximately half the problems, and a limited-access instructor's manual, which provides solutions to the rest of the problems Contains appendixes that review most of the specific mathematics employed in the book, including a from-first-principles treatment of dynamic programming
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Ana Espinola-Arredondo, Felix Munoz-Garcia, 2020-10-27 A short, rigorous introduction to intermediate microeconomic theory that offers worked-out examples, tools for solving exercises, and algebra support. This book takes a concise, example-filled approach to intermediate microeconomic theory. It avoids lengthy conceptual description and focuses on worked-out examples and step-by-step solutions. Each chapter presents the basic theoretical elements, reducing them to their main ingredients, and offering several worked-out examples and applications as well as the intuition behind each mathematical assumption and result. The book provides step-by-step tools for solving standard exercises, offering students a common approach for solving similar problems. The book walks readers through each algebra step and calculation, so only a basic background in algebra and calculus is assumed. The book includes 140 self-assessment exercises, giving students an opportunity to apply concepts from previous worked-out examples. Topics covered include consumer theory; substitution and income effect; welfare gain or loss from a price change; and choice under uncertainty. Shifting to a firm theory, the book discusses production functions, cost minimization, perfectly competitive markets, and monopolies. Two chapters on game theory provide building blocks for subsequent chapters that treat imperfect markets; games of incomplete information and auctions; contract theory; and externalities, public goods, and common pool resources. The book is suitable for use in undergraduate intermediate microeconomics courses, rigorous introduction to microeconomics courses, and managerial economics at the masters level.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Practice Exercises for Advanced Microeconomic Theory Felix Munoz-Garcia, 2017-08-25 Solutions and detailed explanations for odd-numbered end-of-chapter exercises (107 problems) in Felix Muñoz-Garcia's Advanced Microeconomic Theory. Felix Muñoz-Garcia's Advanced Microeconomic Theory provides examples and exercises that help students understand how to apply theoretical models and offers tools for approaching similar problems on their own. This workbook provides solutions and step-by-step explanations for the odd-numbered exercises (107 problems in total). The answer key and detailed explanations emphasize the economic intuition behind the mathematical assumptions and results and, in combination with the textbook, enable students to improve both their theoretical and practical preparation.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Business Economics LPSPE HL Ahuja, The book provides conceptual understanding of essential concepts in business life. It details the foundations of business economics with special emphasis on demand analysis and consumer behaviour. It also discusses analysis of production and cost of the firm, market structures and pricing of products, factor pricing and income distribution and concludes with the discussion of capital budgeting. Based on the author’s extensive teaching experience, the book champions a collaborative approach to delivering an appropriate textbook that is curriculum relevant.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Lectures on Microeconomics Romans Pancs, 2024-08-20 Economic concepts and techniques presented through a series of big questions, models that show how to pose a questions rigorously and work toward an answer. This book helps readers master economic concepts and techniques by tackling fundamental economic and political questions through a series of models. It is organized around a sequence of “big questions,” among them: When do markets help translate individuals' uncoordinated, selfish actions into outcomes that are best for all? Do markets change people, and, if so, for worse or better? Translated into the language of modern economics, do Marx's ideas have merit? Why is there so much income inequality? Or is there too little? The arguments are in the theorem-proof format, distinguishing results derived in the context of fully specified models from educated speculation. Readers will learn how to pose a question rigorously and how to work toward an answer, and to appreciate that even (especially!) the broadest and most ambitious questions call for a model. The goal of the book is not to indoctrinate but to show readers how to reason toward their own conclusions. The first chapter, on the Walrasian model of general equilibrium, serves as the prerequisite for the rest of the book. The remaining chapters cover less conventional topics, including the morality of markets; matching theory; Marxism, socialism, and the resilience of markets; a formalization of Kant's categorical imperative; unintended consequences of policy design; and theories of justice. The book can be used as a textbook for advanced undergraduate or graduate students or as a resource for researchers in disciplines that draw on normative economics.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Microeconomic Theory Andreu Mas-Colell, Michael Dennis Whinston, Jerry R. Green, 2018
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Intermediate Microeconomics with Calculus: A Modern Approach Varian, Hal R, 2014-04-10 The #1 text is still the most modern presentation of the subject and gives students tools to develop the problem-solving skills they need for the course, and beyond.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Rationality and Equilibrium Charalambos D. Aliprantis, Rosa L. Matzkin, Daniel L. McFadden, James C. Moore, Nicholas C. Yannelis, 2006-04-20 This book contains a collection of original and state-of-the-art contributions in rational choice and general equilibrium theory. Among the topics are preferences, demand, equilibrium, core allocations, and testable restrictions. The contributing authors are Daniel McFadden, Rosa Matzkin, Emma Moreno-Garcia, Roger Lagunoff, Yakar Kannai, Myrna Wooders, James Moore, Ted Bergstrom, Luca Anderlini, Lin Zhou, Mark Bagnoli, Alexander Kovalenkov, Carlos Herves-Beloso, Michaela Topuzu, Bernard Cornet, Andreu Mas-Colell and Nicholas Yannelis.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Practice Exercises for Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Eric Dunaway, John C. Strandholm, Ana Espinola-Arredondo, Felix Munoz-Garcia, 2020-10-27 Detailed answer keys to all 140 self-assessment exercises and solutions to the 173 odd-numbered end-of-chapter exercises in Intermediate Microeconomic Theory. This book accompanies Ana Espinola-Arredondo and Felix Muñoz-Garcia's Intermediate Microeconomic Theory: Tools and Step-by-Step Examples, offering detailed answer keys to all 140 self-assessment exercises and solutions to the 173 odd-numbered end-of-chapter exercises. It provides readable step-by-step explanations and algebra support, enabling students to approach similar exercises on their own, emphasizing the economic intuition behind mathematical results.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Economic Prehistory Gregory K. Dow, Clyde G. Reed, 2023-01-05 Around 15,000 years ago, almost all humans lived in small mobile foraging bands. By about 5,000 years ago, the first city-states had appeared. This radical transformation in human society laid the foundations for the modern world. We use economic logic and archaeological evidence to explain six key elements in this revolution: sedentism, agriculture, inequality, warfare, cities, and states. In our approach the ultimate cause of these events was climate change. We show how shifts in climate interacted with geography to drive technological innovation and population growth. The accumulation of population at especially rich locations led to creation of group property rights over land, stratification into elite and commoner classes, and warfare over land among rival elites. This set the stage for urbanization based on manufacturing or military defense and for elite-controlled states based on taxation. Our closing chapter shows how these developments eventually resulted in contemporary global civilization.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Notes On The Theory Of Choice David Kreps, 2018-05-04 In this book, Professor Kreps presents a first course on the basic models of choice theory that underlie much of economic theory. This course, taught for several years at the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, gives the student an introduction to the axiomatic method of economic analysis, without placing too heavy a demand on mathematical sophistication.The course begins with the basics of choice and revealed preference theory and then discusses numerical representations of ordinal preference. Models with uncertainty come next: First is von Neumann?Morgenstern utility, and then choice under uncertainty with subjective uncertainty, using the formulation of Anscombe and Aumann, and then sketching the development of Savage's classic theory. Finally, the course delves into a number of special topics, including de Finetti's theorem, modeling choice on a part of a larger problem, dynamic choice, and the empirical evidence against the classic models.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Intermediate Microeconomics with Microsoft Excel Humberto Barreto, 2009-06-15 This unique text uses Microsoft Excel® workbooks to instruct students. In addition to explaining fundamental concepts in microeconomic theory, readers acquire a great deal of sophisticated Excel skills and gain the practical mathematics needed to succeed in advanced courses. In addition to the innovative pedagogical approach, the book features explicitly repeated use of a single central methodology, the economic approach. Students learn how economists think and how to think like an economist. With concrete, numerical examples and novel, engaging applications, interest for readers remains high as live graphs and data respond to manipulation by the user. Finally, clear writing and active learning are features sure to appeal to modern practitioners and their students. The website accompanying the text is found at www.depauw.edu/learn/microexcel.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory Ariel Rubinstein, 2012
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Essential Microeconomics John G. Riley, 2012 Essential Microeconomics is designed to help students deepen their understanding of the core theory of microeconomics--
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Chicago Price Theory Sonia Jaffe, Robert Minton, Casey B. Mulligan, Kevin M. Murphy, 2019-09-10 An authoritative textbook based on the legendary economics course taught at the University of Chicago Price theory is a powerful analytical toolkit for measuring, explaining, and predicting human behavior in the marketplace. This incisive textbook provides an essential introduction to the subject, offering a diverse array of practical methods that empower students to learn by doing. Based on Economics 301, the legendary PhD course taught at the University of Chicago, the book emphasizes the importance of applying price theory in order to master its concepts. Chicago Price Theory features immersive chapter-length examples such as addictive goods, urban-property pricing, the consequences of prohibition, the value of a statistical life, and occupational choice. It looks at human behavior in the aggregate of an industry, region, or demographic group, but also provides models of individuals when they offer insights about the aggregate. The book explains the surprising answers that price theory can provide to practical questions about taxation, education, the housing market, government subsidies, and much more. Emphasizes the application of price theory, enabling students to learn by doing Features chapter-length examples such as addictive goods, urban-property pricing, the consequences of prohibition, and the value of a statistical life Supported by video lectures taught by Kevin M. Murphy and Gary Becker The video course enables students to learn the theory at home and practice the applications in the classroom
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Microeconometrics A. Colin Cameron, Pravin K. Trivedi, 2005-05-09 This book provides the most comprehensive treatment to date of microeconometrics, the analysis of individual-level data on the economic behavior of individuals or firms using regression methods for cross section and panel data. The book is oriented to the practitioner. A basic understanding of the linear regression model with matrix algebra is assumed. The text can be used for a microeconometrics course, typically a second-year economics PhD course; for data-oriented applied microeconometrics field courses; and as a reference work for graduate students and applied researchers who wish to fill in gaps in their toolkit. Distinguishing features of the book include emphasis on nonlinear models and robust inference, simulation-based estimation, and problems of complex survey data. The book makes frequent use of numerical examples based on generated data to illustrate the key models and methods. More substantially, it systematically integrates into the text empirical illustrations based on seven large and exceptionally rich data sets.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Microeconomic Principles Frank Alan Cowell, 1986
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Mathematical Methods and Models for Economists Angel de la Fuente, Ángel de la Fuente, 2000-01-28 A textbook for a first-year PhD course in mathematics for economists and a reference for graduate students in economics.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Applied Microeconomics David Debertin, 2012-06-18 This is a microeconomic theory book designed for upper-division undergraduate students in economics and agricultural economics. Basic introductory college courses in microeconomics and differential calculus are the assumed prerequisites. The last, tenth, chapter of the book reviews some mathematical principles basic to the other chapters. All of the chapters contain many numerical examples and graphs developed from the numerical examples. The ambitious student could recreate any of the charts and tables contained in the book using a computer and Excel spreadsheets. There are many numerical examples of the key elements of marginal analysis. In addition, many practical examples are taken from the real world to illustrate key points. Most of the examples used in the book come from the food and agricultural industries, broadly defined. Examples in consumer choice and utility focus on consumer decisions to purchase hamburgers and French fries. Production examples involve choices farmers make in order to apply fertilizer to crops. Market models are employed that illustrate consumer choice between beef, pork and chicken at the grocery meat counter, and so on. A few of the examples do not employ agriculturally related goods, such as the examples dealing with the fate of the Polaroid corporation and its instant cameras, monopoly power of cable television providers and competition between the big three automakers in the 1950s. Each chapter begins with material that will be familiar to nearly any student who has passed an introductory microeconomics course. However, as each chapter progresses, the problems and the math required to complete them get tougher. Critical points throughout the text are highlighted in text boxes. The instructor need not use all of the sections of each chapter for a course as each section of each chapter is self-contained. Each chapter concludes with a basic summary of key points and a comprehensive list of terms and definitions. Students might choose to begin by reading the key summary points and definitions at the end of each chapter. Each chapter also contains a spreadsheet exercise for students to create examples similar to the tables and charts in the text.The book is designed for use in a one-semester course, covering the parts of microeconomics that nearly every instructor believes should be covered at the intermediate level, but also recognizing that most instructors will want to devote a few weeks of the semester to material specific to their own interests.David L. Debertin
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: The Applied Theory of Price Deirdre N. McCloskey, 1985
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Intermediate Microeconomics Walter Nicholson, 2008 Intermediate Microeconomics offers a clear and concise treatment of microeconomic principles in a useful pedagogic framework. The mathematical level is approachable and uses basic algebra with extensions to calculus where it helps the analysis. The book is also strongly applied in focus and shows the relevance of theory in the real world. Whilst these features make the book approachable to students, the theoretical content and overall learning experience is a rigorous one. In this adapted edition Peter Luke and Michael Wood have been brought in to adapt the text for the UK, European and South African market. Applications features in the book have been internationalised, and the European Social Model/US-UK model debate on the macroeconomy discussed at a micro level.This book is designed for students specifically studying economics at an undergraduate or postgraduate level such as MBA within the UK and EU in general, and South Africa. These students would be predominantly second-year students who have already taken an introductory course in microeconomics.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Advanced Macroeconomics Filipe R. Campante, Federico Sturzenegger, Andrés Velasco, 2021
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Game Theory Michael Maschler, Shmuel Zamir, Eilon Solan, 2020-06-25 This new edition is unparalleled in breadth of coverage, thoroughness of technical explanations and number of worked examples.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Microeconomics Austan Goolsbee, Steven Levitt, Chad Syverson, 2015-12-03 Like no other text for the intermediate microeconomics course, Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson’s Microeconomics bridges the gap between today’s theory and practice, with a strong empirical dimension that lets students tests theory and successfully apply it. With carefully crafted features and vivid examples, Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson’s text helps answer two critical questions students ask, Do people and firms really act as theory suggests? and How can someone use microeconomics in a practical way? The authors teach in economics departments and business schools and are active empirical microeconomics researchers. Their grounding in different areas of empirical research allows them to present the evidence developed in the last 20 years that has tested and refined fundamental theories. Their teaching and professional experiences are reflected in an outstanding presentation of theories and applications.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Principles of Microeconomics 2e Steven A. Greenlaw, David Shapiro, Timothy Taylor, 2017-09-15
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Information and Behavior Brent D. Ruben, 1985-01-01
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Advanced Macroeconomics David Romer, 2001 This text helps lay the groundwork for students to begin doing research in macroeconomics and monetary economics. A series of formal models are used to present and analyse important macroeconomic theories. The theories are supplemented by examples of relevant empirical work, which illustrate the ways that theories can be applied and tested.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Economics for Mathematicians John William Scott Cassels, 1981-12-10 This is the expanded notes of a course intended to introduce students specializing in mathematics to some of the central ideas of traditional economics. The book should be readily accessible to anyone with some training in university mathematics; more advanced mathematical tools are explained in the appendices. Thus this text could be used for undergraduate mathematics courses or as supplementary reading for students of mathematical economics.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: The Analytics of Uncertainty and Information Sushil Bikhchandani, Jack Hirshleifer, John G. Riley, 2013-08-12 There has been explosive progress in the economic theory of uncertainty and information in the past few decades. This subject is now taught not only in departments of economics but also in professional schools and programs oriented toward business, government and administration, and public policy. This book attempts to unify the subject matter in a simple, accessible manner. Part I of the book focuses on the economics of uncertainty; Part II examines the economics of information. This revised and updated second edition places a greater focus on game theory. New topics include posted-price markets, mechanism design, common-value auctions, and the one-shot deviation principle for repeated games.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Principles of Microeconomics Libby Rittenberg, 2008
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Microeconomic Theory Peter R. G. Layard, Alan Arthur Walters, 1987
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: A Theory of Production for the Financial Firm Diana Hancock, 2012-12-06 Furthermore, if the effects of regulations on user costs are excluded, it is impossible to analyze monetary policy effects. Chapter 2 examines the principal areas of regulation that affect user costs. For example, reserve requirements, as administered by the Federal Reserve, act as a tax on financial firms so covered. Required reserves earn no return to the financial firm and there is foregone revenue. Deposit insurance increases the user cost of servicing deposits to the banks. Interest rate regulations place limits on interest rates on time de posits, or prohibit payments on demand deposits during part of the period studied. Underlying all these are the open market operations of the Federal Reserve, and their effects on interest rates and the quantities of financial goods. Chapter 2 reveals that previous work on the estimation of bank tech nologies is incomplete, and that the regulations require modelling as a part of the profit maximizing structure. 1.3 User Cost Derivation Chapter 3 discusses the construction of user costs. These are derived for the services from all assets or liabilities on a bank balance sheet or appearing on the income statement. The user cost formulation permits goods to be classified as outputs and inputs. Those with a positive user cost, where expenditures per unit exceed revenues per unit, are inputs. The unit for financial goods such as loans or deposits is one dollar per period. Goods with a negative user cost, with expenditures falling below revenue per unit, are outputs.
  advanced microeconomic theory lecture notes: Intermediate Microeconomics Varian, 2012-05-01
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